Abstract: The connotation of ecological civilization was dissected from the perspective of productive forces and production relations. The causes of eco-environmental problems were explored and the relationships among technology, economy and environment analyzed based on the evolution of human civilization. The significance of technological innovation and advancement in ecological civilization construction was discussed. The research shows that science and technology are important driving forces on human civilization evolution, but also the roots of the global and regional eco-environmental problems. The core of ecological civilization is the harmonious coexistence between human and nature. With the connotation in conformity with that of the Scientific Outlook of Development, ecological civilization in nature is the adjustment and reconstruction of the relationship between human and nature which is based on modern industrial civilization. It builds resources-saving and environmental-friendly production models and green consumption patterns in the scale of sustainable development of earth ecosystems and its goal is to achieve the harmony between environmental and economic development, and the integration between human and nature. The construction of ecological civilization depends on green technology revolution, and the environmental engineering and technical innovation are the important impetus on it. Finally, aiming at the environmental strategic demands and the increasingly deteriorative environmental problems in China, six basic principles and six key fields were proposed for the future development of environmental engineering and technical innovation.