环境工程技术学报

2012 Vol.2, No.1

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A Comparative Study of Six Classical Test Methods of Chemicals for Ready Biodegradability

LIU Chun-xin, SHEN Ying-wa, HUANG Xing, YU Li-na, YANG Li, NIE Jing-lei, ZHOU Hong

2012, 2(1): 1-6. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.01.001

Abstract(4756) PDF(831KB)(1462)

Abstract:
By analyzing the experimental principle, scope of application and technique key points of the six classical test methods of ready biodegradability, it was pointed out that the test agency should select suited test method according to test substance characteristics. The 301A and 301E methods can only be applied to test substance which is soluble in water, non-volatile and non-adsorbable; the 301B method cannot be applied to test volatile substance; when the 301C, 301D and 301F methods are applied to test substance containing nitrogen, the oxygen consumption of nitrification should be corrected. After comparing the tested materials preliminary treatment, adding, apparatus, test operation and sampling requirements of the six test methods, it was indicates that the obtaining of valid test data needed design of appropriate test program and adoption of appropriate apparatus, and the effect of such factors as test water quality, dispersion,, apparatus on abnormal results and interference should be analyzed.

Treatment and Reuse of Wastewater in Synthetic Rubber Production by a Full Scale MBR-UF-RO System

ZHANG Yan, ZHENG Wei, LIU Rui, LI Wei, MA Min-jie, LI Ying, CHEN Lü-jun

2012, 2(1): 7-12. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.01.002

Abstract(4263) PDF(691KB)(1360)

Abstract:
The wastewater produced from a rubber synthesis plant was treated by an advanced process of membrane bioreactor-ultra filtration-reverse osmosis (MBR-UF-RO) for reuse. 1 181 m³/d of the production wastewater flowed in the MBR with influent COD_Cr in the range of 158-451 mg/L (258 mg/L in average). The hydraulic retention time (HRT) of the MBR was 5 h. The MBR effluent, with COD_Cr in the range of 5-101 mg/L (31 mg/L in average) and turbidity less than 0.2 NTU, could meet the influent requirements of UF. On-line chemical cleaning was carried out with alternation of high and low reagent concentration every 15 d, which effectively controlled the membrane fouling. The MBR effluent was mixed with 430 m³/d of circulating cooling wastewater, and further treated by the UF and RO. The conductivity of the RO effluent was steadily 30-45 μS/cm, which was qualified to be reused as circulating cooling water. The reuse rate of total wastewater treated was 62.8% within the plant, and the operation cost of the advanced treatment was 4.34 RMB/m³.

Treatment of Acrylonitrile Simulation Wastewater with Iron-carbon Micro-electrolysis

PANG Cui-cui, LAI Bo, ZHANG Sheng, ZHOU Yue-xi, WANG Zhi-gang, LIAN Yu

2012, 2(1): 13-17. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.01.003

Abstract(3748) PDF(560KB)(904)

Abstract:
In order to damage the molecular structure of C≡N and reduce the toxicity of acrylonitrile wastewater, iron-carbon micro-electrolysis was used to treat the simulation wastewater with the concentration of 100 mg/L. Iron-carbon micro-electrolysis system and activated carbon control experiment were established to avoid the effect of activated carbon adsorption. The results showed that iron-carbon micro-electrolysis system could effectively decompose acrylonitrile, damage the molecular structure of C≡N and decrease toxicity. When acrylonitrile wastewater was treated by micro-electrolysis, it mainly depended on chemical oxidation reduction effect of the free base [H] and Fe²⁺ that formed between iron and carbon, while the activated carbon only had a certain adsorption capacity. The iron-carbon micro-electrolysis system could change nitrogen form in acrylonitrile wastewater, rather than have the denitrification capacity.

Study on Adsorptive Effect and Influencing Factors of Fly Ash on Heavy Metal Molybdenum

JIA Han-shuai, LIU Han-hu, YU Chang-wu, HU Shu, ZHOU Jiang

2012, 2(1): 18-22. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.01.004

Abstract(4333) PDF(611KB)(922)

Abstract:
In order to investigate the affecting factors and mechanism of fly ash’s adsorption on heavy metal molybdenum, the factors of fly ash particle size, dosage, adsorption time, pH, and temperature were studied through single factor experiments with fly ash as adsorbent and ammonium molybdate as adsorbate. The optimum adsorption condition was obtained: fly ash’s particle size was 80-100 mesh, the dosage of adsorbent was 2.5 g, pH was 3, reaction time was 30 min, and the temperature was 30 ℃. Under this condition, the removal rate of ammonium molybdate by fly ash was 80%-85%.Under the optimum adsorption condition, the desorption experiment of fly ash was carried out by pure water, NaOH with the concentrations 0.01, 0.05, 0.10 mol/L and NaCl with the concentration 0.05 mol/L. The conclusion was that chemical adsorption effect was greater than the physical adsorption effect in the adsorption process of fly ash.

Space-time Variety of Organic Matter and Nutrition Salt in Sediments from Poyang Lake

WANG Sheng-rui, NI Dong, JIAO Li-xin, JIN Xiang-can, FENG Ming-lei, LIU Zhi-gang, ZHANG Wei-hua

2012, 2(1): 23-28. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.01.005

Abstract(3780) PDF(801KB)(891)

Abstract:
The space-time variation of organic matter (OM), total nitrogen(TN) and total phosphorus(TP) in surface sediments from Poyang Lake was studied. The result indicated that: The OM, TN and TP contents in surface sediments decreased from south to north of Poyang Lake. The highest OM(0.420%~3.175%) and TN(0.026%~0.235%) contents were found in sediments from the rump parliament of ‘five rivers’, the center of lake was second, but the highest TP content was presented in sediments from the rump parliament of Gan River, Wu River and Xin River. The increment of come water from ‘five rivers’ significantly enhanced the OM, TN and TP contents in sediments from the Poyang Lake, especially for the north area of the lake, but the TN contents in sediments from the rump parliament of south lake in dry season were. Higher than that in flooding season. The OM, TN and TP contents in sediments of Poyang Lake trended to increase from 1992 to 2008, especially for OM and TP. The pollution level of OM, TN and TP in sediment from Poyang Lake had exceeded the level of that in sediment from the eutrophication lake. Comparing to the other four large fresh-water lakes, the water quality of Poyang Lake was well, but presented decrease trend, the higher TN and TP contents in sediments from Poyang Lake lead to the larger risk of eutrophication.

Study of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal from Simulated River Water by Integrated Vertical Flow Wetland

LIU Jing, XING Yi, JIN Xiang-can, LU Shao-yong, GUO Jia-sheng

2012, 2(1): 29-35. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.01.006

Abstract(3885) PDF(791KB)(1104)

Abstract:
An unplanted and integrated vertical-flow wetland was constructed for research to treat the simulated water of rivers flowing into Meiliang Bay of Taihu Lake. A variety of zeolites with different particle sizes were applied to this wetland, in order to promote biofilm and nitrogen adsorption on the zeolites. The results from five-month operation indicated that, when the hydraulic loading was 0.375 m³/(m²•d) and influent concentrations of NH₃-N, NO₂^--N, TN and TP were 3.8-5.1, 0.9-1.8, 6.6-8.5 and 0.32-0.47 mg/L, the corresponding average removal rates were 97.5%, 95.5%, 26.6% and 18.9%, respectively. The nitrogen removal rate mainly depended on the nitrification and denitrification in the system. Due to lack of carbon source in the system, the denitrification process was strongly inhibited, and the denitrification was stronger than the nitrification, thus resulting in the increased NO₃^--N level in effluent, which accounted for 96.7% of TN in effluent.

Assessment of Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Based on GIS

ZHANG Zhe, PAN Ying-zi, CHEN Chen, WANG Wei, LIU Jun-hui, LIU Xiao-fu, ZHAO Xing-zheng

2012, 2(1): 36-43. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.01.007

Abstract(3641) PDF(2848KB)(840)

Abstract:
Assessment of ecosystem health by the watershed as a unit is an important foundation for the protection and management of the ecosystem. The sub-watershed of Dongting Lake was studied as evaluation unit, and the evaluation objects were divided into terrestrial, riparian and aquatic ecosystems. The evaluation index system was constructed from the viewpoint of ecosystem's physical, chemical, and biological integrity, respectively, and the ecosystem health assessment was carried out to reveal the spatial distribution of ecological health in Dongting Lake area. The results showed that: the ecosystem health condition was general in Dongting Lake area, and the area with general health level accounted for 79.4% of the total area. The terrestrial health condition of all the sub-watershed was general and most health indices ranged from 4 to 6.The differences in health status in each riparian ecosystem were large, with the health indices ranging from 1 to 8, and the area with good health conditions accounted for 30% of the total area. The level of aquatic ecosystem health conditions was good and the health indices were higher than 4. Sub-watersheds of Datong Lake located in the central part were in poor health. Measures should be taken to strengthen the efforts of returning farmland to the shores, vegetation recovery and management in riparian zone. South Dongting Lake and Xinqiang River sub-watersheds were in good ecological health, and the biodiversity conservation and prevention and management of soil erosion should be the main concerns in the future.

Some Thinkings on Lake Management in China

JIANG Qi, XI Hai-yan, JIAO Li-xin, NI Zhao-kui

2012, 2(1): 44-50. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.01.008

Abstract(3324) PDF(1154KB)(807)

Abstract:
Based on analyzing the current situation and main existing problems of lake management in China, two strategy changes for lake management were put forward, i.e. change from multiple departments' separate management to watershed integrated management and change from water quality management to lake-watershed ecosystem management. Meanwhile, five specific measures for constructing a new lake management system were described: 1) setting up the lake-watershed integrated management system led by one department; 2) setting up the policy and regulation system for lake-watershed ecosystem management; 3) setting up the planning system based on lake-watershed ecosystem management; 4) setting up the measurement, standard and evaluation system for lake basins ecosystem; 5) enhancing the guarantee system setup for lake basins ecosystem management.

Engineering Control Technologies and Its Application in the Risk Management for Contaminated Sites

XIE Yun-feng, CAO Yun-zhe, ZHANG Da-ding, LIU Xiao-juan, LI Fa-sheng

2012, 2(1): 51-59. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.01.009

Abstract(3617) PDF(1347KB)(1110)

Abstract:
Engineering control technologies (ECTs) reduce the risk from the contaminated sites through pollution migration control. It has been widely used in foreign contaminated sites for over 20 years. However, in China, the most applied technology in contaminated sites is remediation technology, which usually expensive. ECTs and other technologies are seldom applied. In order to promote the application of ECTs in contaminated sites of china, the paper reviews the major types and the technical principles of ECTs. According to the application in US superfund sites over 20 years, we explore the trends of ECTs development and application. Based on the case studies of ECTs application, we evaluation the effects of pollution risk control of various technologies and the application frequency. There is large number of contaminates sites in china, the pollutants and site conditions are diversity and complicated. It is impractical to remedy all contaminated sites due to limited availability of funds for remediation. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out ECTs research and to improve technology system of contaminated site risk management of china.

Research on Pollution Situation and Control Techniques of Antimony Industry in China

SUN Lei

2012, 2(1): 60-66. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.01.010

Abstract(3456) PDF(958KB)(1435)

Abstract:
The current situation of pollutant generation and emission as well as its treatment of antimony industry in China was systematically investigated. The level of water pollution and the status existing problems of control techniques were analyzed. The research showed that the treatment level of the mining wastewater of antimony industry was low and the fluctuation of the wastewater flow and quality was vast. When the wastewater was not pre-treated, the concentration of the emission into the tailing dam was as high as 11.92 mg/L. The wastewater from smelting process was mainly smelt slag wastewater mixed with cooling water and domestic sewage in small factory. In the smelting process, there were other problems, e.g. sulfur dioxide emission from blast furnaces not reaching national standard, heavy metals in the flue gas having not effectively treated, and arsenic and alkali slag being stockpiled in open-air mode, etc. It was suggested that the cleaner production audits should be strengthened and management on the various wastewaters be enforced to improve the water recycling rate and the comprehensive use of arsenic residue and waste ore.

Advances in the Research on Estimated Models of Wetlands Methane Emission

CHEN Qiang, PAN Ying-zi, JIANG Wei-guo, WANG Wen-jie, LIU Xiao-fu

2012, 2(1): 67-75. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.01.011

Abstract(4265) PDF(1347KB)(921)

Abstract:
Wetland is the main source of atmospheric methane. The increasing emission of atmospheric methane has brought great influence to the global climate change, and it has great significance to estimate wetlands methane emission accurately. Currently, the wetlands methane emission estimation models include mainly the experience model, the mechanism and process model and the remote sensing parameter model. The development process, application status, advantages and disadvantages of these three models were analyzed and summarized, and the uncertainty of these models were analyzed from the aspects of the wetlands methane emission, the monitoring process and the model estimation. The development trends of the wetlands methane emission estimation model were pointed out, and it was put forward that the remote sensing parameter model would be the development direction of wetlands methane emission estimation model.

Discussion on Chemicals Related Standards and Classification Method

YU Li-na

2012, 2(1): 76-80. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.01.012

Abstract(3452) PDF(731KB)(1279)

Abstract:
There are amounts of national standards and industry standards related to chemical management system, which are widely used in areas of design, research, production, transport, applying, management and disposal. Because different departments publish standards with their own industrial characteristic, the standards are numerous, the structure is unclear, some contents are duplicated, and similar definition is inconformity. 467 current chemicals were analyzed and the same definitions and the structure relationship of related standards compared. According to standardized classification method, the chemical standards were divided into 8 sorts, including names, classification, rules, testing methods, GLP management, packing and transporting, security and production, and the related chemical standards were classified. Other chemical standards which were not included could be classified referring to this method. The distribution situation of chemical standards was analyzed and the quantity requirements and shortage of chemical standards related to environmental protection discussed.

2012 Vol. 2, No. 1

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