环境工程技术学报

2012 Vol.2, No.2

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Thinking on Achievements and Problems of Energy Conservation and Emissions Reduction for Power Industry in China during the 11th Five-year Plan

WANG Zhi-xuan, PAN Li, YANG Fan, LIU Jia

2012, 2(2): 81-89. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.02.013

Abstract(3180) PDF(1114KB)(1340)

Abstract:
Power industry in China continued rapid developing during the 11th Five-year Plan Period (2006-2010), with the average annual increase of the overall installed power capacities and the electricity generation being 13.32% and 11.10%, respectively. By then, China’s power grid had ranked first in the world, and the power supply ranked second in the world for 15 years. The energy conservation and emissions reduction of power industry had achieved significantly. By the end of 2010, the standard coal consumption of thermal powers and the rate of electricity loss from transmission line had declined to 333 g/(kW·h) and 6.53%, respectively, achieving the advanced level in the world. Both the total emission and emission performance of SO₂ had decreased, and the emission performance of soot, SO₂ and the nitrogen dioxide decreased to 0.5, 2.7 and 2.6 g/(kW·h) respectively in the end of 2010. On the basis of summarizing the development of power industry during the 11th Five-year Plan Period, the shortages of incoordination and incompleteness were founded in scientific energy conservation and emissions reduction according to laws, power industry adjustment, pricing mechanism, industry policies and market mechanism, and related policy recommendations were proposed, such as to perfect the related laws and policies, to strengthen the power planning, and to carry the market mechanism forward to promote energy conservation and emissions reduction, etc.

Fluorescence Characteristics Variation of the Aromatic Pollutants in ABS Wastewater before and after Degradation by Micro-electrolysis

LAI Bo, ZHOU Yue-xi

2012, 2(2): 90-95. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.02.014

Abstract(3808) PDF(850KB)(961)

Abstract:
In order to decompose and transform the toxic refractory typical pollutants from Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) resin wastewater and improve the biodegradability of the wastewater, the wastewater was pretreated by the ferric-carbon micro-electrolysis. The decomposition and transformation of the aromatic pollutants from ABS wastewater was detected rapidly by three-dimensional fluorescence spectra technology. The results showed that under the condition of influent pH 4.0, the removal efficiency of COD_Cr and total fluorescence intensity was 53.27% and 73.45%, respectively, after 30 days of continuous and stable run of mico-electrolysis. The removal efficiency of COD_Cr was affected directly by the influent pH. The COD_Cr removal efficiency of three micro-electrolysis reactors with different influent pH in sequence was as follows: pH=4.0＞pH=6.0＞pH=8.0. However, the removal efficiency of total fluorescence intensity did not comply with this law. The removal efficiency of total fluorescence intensity was all between 73.45% and 74.88% with different influent pH. In other words, the effect of influent pH on the degradation or transformation of aromatics by the ferric-carbon micro-electrolysis reactors was small.

Study on the Electrochemical Nitrogen Removal Efficiency in the Bio-electrochemical Denitrification Part of CANNED Process

ZHANG Na, WANG Hai-yan, XU Ji-xian, ZHOU Yue-xi, WAN Feng, LIU Dong-sheng, PANG Zhao-hui

2012, 2(2): 96-102. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.02.015

Abstract(3276) PDF(822KB)(1025)

Abstract:
The electrochemical nitrogen removal efficiency in a bio-electrochemical denitrification part of Complete Autotrophic Nitrite-nitrification and Electrochemical Bio-denitrification Combined Process (CANNED) was studied before the biofilm inoculation stage under pure electrochemical conditions, which was 24 h HRT and 0.052 mA/cm² electric current density, when the influent nitrogen forms were NO₂^--N, NH₄⁺-N and NO₂^--N+NH₄⁺-N, respectively. The results were shown as follows: When only NO₂^--N was added and the NO₂^--N influent concentration increased from 100 mg /L to 400 mg /L, NO₂^--N was removed partially by the bio-electrochemical part but the NO₂^--N removal efficiency reduced gradually from 40% to about 20%, which was might due to the oxidation of HClO produced from the influent constant Cl^- concentration. When only NH₄⁺-N was added and the influent NH₄⁺-N concentration increased from 100 mg/L to 400 mg/L, the bio-electrochemical part NH₄⁺-N removal efficiency was kept about 35%. This was mainly because that NH₄⁺-N was supplied in the form of NH₄Cl in the influent and the concentration of Cl^- and HClO reacted with NH₄⁺-N increased with the NH₄⁺-N increasing accordingly. When NO₂^--N and NH₄⁺-N were both added, the removal efficiency of each individual ion was almost the same as the NO₂^--N and NH4+-N were added separately. The results showed that NH₄⁺-N and NO₂^--N were removed partially by the influent Cl^- and there was no electrochemical interaction of the NH₄⁺-N and NO₂^--N removal under the electrochemical conditions in the bio-electrochemical part of CANNED.

VOCs Emission，Pollution and Control Measures

MA Chao, XUE Zhi-gang, LI Shu-wen, CHEN Zhen-xing, MA Jing-hua, LIU Yan

2012, 2(2): 103-109. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.02.016

Abstract(3943) PDF(1030KB)(1120)

Abstract:
VOCs can not only bring harm to human health and environment, but also lead to photochemical reaction with NO_x under ultraviolet irradiation, which can generate some secondary pollutants such as O₃, etc. Furthermore, VOCs can also act with PM in the air to generate secondary organic aerosols. Therefore, the control over VOCs carries great significance. VOCs emission from natural sources was far higher than that from anthropogenic sources all over the world. In most parts of mainland of China, emission from the natural sources and anthropogenic sources was closer to each other. However, anthropogenic sources emission was higher than natural sources emission in some industrial intensive areas. The common VOCs control methods were summarized, including combustion, adsorption, absorption, condensation, biological membrane process, corona discharge, and photocatalytic oxidation method, etc. VOCs control was still at initial stage in China, and the stricter emission standards and ordinances were gradually shaping and improving as a result of technological advance and innovations.

Study of PM Number Concentration and Size Distribution from a Heavy-duty Truck Using PEMS

WANG Jun-fang, DING Yan, YIN Hang, TAN Jian-wei, ZHANG Hai-yan, YIN Bo-hui

2012, 2(2): 110-115. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.02.017

Abstract(3165) PDF(639KB)(741)

Abstract:
Measurements of particle number emissions and particle size distributions from a heavy-duty truck were performed using a Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS). The results showed that there were no large changes in particle number concentration over 30 seconds of steady-state operation at different speeds. The results of size distribution of particle number concentration from the truck indicated that the distributions were similar at different vehicle speeds, and showed a unimodal peak distribution. The peak concentration of particles occurred at the diameter of 70 nm except that at idle mode the number was 20 nm. The diameter of particles was greater with the increase of the vehicle speed. There were very few particles with diameter greater than 770 nm, which occupied less than 0.1% of the total.

Effects of Main Contaminations on the Spatial Distribution of Macroinvertebrates in the Hun River

LIU Zhi-gang, QU Xiao-dong, ZHANG Yuan, MA Shu-qin, ZHAO Rui, CAO Guo-ping

2012, 2(2): 116-123. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.02.018

Abstract(3760) PDF(945KB)(1048)

Abstract:
The relationship between the macroinvertebrate communities and pollutants was evaluated in the Hun River by applying the Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). The results showed that ammonium-nitrogen (NH₃-N) and chemical oxygen demands (COD_Cr) were the two primary pollutants affecting the spatial distribution of macroinvertebrates. The regression analysis revealed that total number of taxa and EPT taxa, which represented the most sensitive taxa, would be lower than the average values in the Hun River when the concentration of NH₃-N and COD_Cr was above 1.0 mg/L and 16.0 mg/L, respectively. The biodiversity was relative higher at the upstream region comparing with downstream regions of Dahuofang Reservoir, which was caused mainly by the NH₃-N and COD_Cr pollution. Both NH₃-N and COD_Cr had significantly negative correlations with Margalef’s diversity index(P<0.05), and NH₃-N also had significantly negative correlations with Shannon-Wiener index, Pielou’s evenness, and Simpson’s diversity index(P<0.05). Several indicators were identified through the biplot of species-environmental ordination of CCA. The Ecdyonurus tobiironis, Rhyacophila nigrocephala and Psychomyia sp. could represent the sensitive indicators of the upstream regions of Dahuofang Reservoir. Meanwhile, the tolerant taxa of Branchiura sowerbyi, Bithynia fuchsianus, and Ephydra sp. represented the main indicators at the tributaries of downstream region of Dahuofang Reservoir. At the same time, the tolerant taxa of Tomocerus sp., Gammarus sp. and Bellamya acruginosa were the main indicators at the main channel of in the downstream region of Dahuofang Reservoir.

Distribution Characteristics and Contamination Assessment of Arsenic in Surface Sediments of Lake Chaohu, China

YU Xiu-juan, HUO Shou-liang, ZAN Feng-yu, ZHAO Guang-chao, XI Bei-dou

2012, 2(2): 124-132. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.02.019

Abstract(3945) PDF(1232KB)(995)

Abstract:
Different fractions of arsenic of surface sediments taken from Lake Chaohu were studied using BCR sequential extraction procedure, and the pollution level of Arsenic was evaluated. The results indicated that the total content of arsenic was higher than the background value obtained from the statistics of 663 sediment samples in 9 lakes in a regional eco-geochemical survey. The pollution mostly existed in the east and west part of the lake while lower content in the middle part. It was found that Arsenic was distributed mainly in residual fraction, being attributed to 68.64%-79.24% of total arsenic. The contents of soluble fraction, reducible fraction and oxidisable fraction were 1.18-2.82, 0.73-2.01 and 0.05-1.06 mg/kg, respectively. The relative average proportion of the three fractions was 3.83:2.90:1. The total content of arsenic was higher in the west part of the lake than that in the east part, while the oxidisable fraction of arsenic was higher in the east part of the lake. The contents of arsenic were closely related with the pollution loads of organic matter and nutrients of the drainage area, which indicated that the residual fraction of arsenic might be transformed to the soluble and reducible fractions. Furthermore, the pollution level of the sediments in Lake Chaohu was evaluated by Hak?nson’s index, Geoaccumulation index and Sediment quality guidelines. The results showed that arsenic pollution and its potential risk were lower. Therefore, it would not cause a serious threat to the surrounding environment and organisms in short term.

Study on Geotechnical Engineering Properties of Typical Sludge Hazardous Waste

SUN Jiao, DONG Lu, YUE Bo, WANG Qi, YANG Yan-mei

2012, 2(2): 133-138. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.02.020

Abstract(3273) PDF(775KB)(897)

Abstract:
It is the prerequisites for determining sludge treatment and disposal methods to accurately grasp hazardous sludge production and sludge characteristics. The indoor geotechnical engineering properties of three categories of typical sludge hazardous waste were determined based on Soil Test Method Standards (GB/T 50123-1999). The results showed that the three categories of sludge hazardous wastes had high water content up to 70%, particle size distributed unequally and differed greatly for different kinds, and the effective diameter was in the range of 0.075-0.25 mm. The maximum shear strength of the direct shear was only about 3 kPa, and compressive strength varied widely. Except for organic matter content which was lower than normal MSW content, the bulk density and permeability coefficient were both higher than the range of MSW variation, which caused a huge security risk for the stability of the hazardous landfill. According to these typical physical mechanics characteristics of sludge hazardous wastes, some practical operating recommendations to the hazardous waste landfill were given.

The Mechanism of Microbial Refinement of Kaolin by Fe(Ⅲ)-reducing Bacteria with Oxalic Acid

HE Qiu-xiang, GUO Min-rong, CHEN Zu-liang

2012, 2(2): 139-145. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.02.021

Abstract(3465) PDF(919KB)(860)

Abstract:
The influence of oxalic acid concentration in Fe(Ⅲ) reduction by microbes on Fe leaching from kaolin was examined through microbial test. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and energy-dispersion microanalysis (EDS) techniques were used to characterize kaolin before and after bioleaching and chemical leaching. The results showed that the addition of oxalic acid (0.2 g/L) to the leaching solution best enhanced the amount of iron leached from the kaolin with dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria (DIRB). Too low or too high concentrations of oxalic acid would decrease iron reduction, while reduction of Fe(Ⅲ) was completely inhibited by the addition of 1.5 g/L. The chemical comparative test indicated that the reduction of Fe(Ⅲ) was enhanced with increasing concentration of oxalic acid. When the concentration of oxalic acid increased to 13.0 g/L, the reduction of Fe(Ⅲ) after 1day without DIRB was near to the reduction of Fe(Ⅲ) after 4 days using iron reduction bacteria. The results of ESEM and EDS demonstrated that there was no major change in structural composition or physicochemical properties, but the iron content was reduced selectively.

Influence of Pollutant Discharge Reduction on Demand Structure

ZHU Song, ZHANG Ping-dan, NIU Hai-peng

2012, 2(2): 146-153. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.02.022

Abstract(3159) PDF(1061KB)(987)

Abstract:
Research on the influences of pollutant discharge reduction measures on the demand structure, characterized by the share of consumption in GDP and the ratio of consumption to investment, in China’ 30 provinces from 2005 to 2009 were studied, showed that pollutant discharge reductions by engineering improved the element structure and enhanced the proportion of the second industry in GDP as well as the proportion of export in GDP. Therefore, the engineering discharge reduction could degrade the demand structure. Structural discharge reduction increased the proportion of the second industry in GDP but lowered the proportion of export in GDP, thus having a positive effect on the demand structure. Regulation discharge reduction improved the element structure, enhanced the proportion of export in GDP and lowered the proportion of the second industry in GDP, and thus finally had negative influence on the demand structure. In a word, the pollutant reduction by both engineering and regulation should worsen the demand structure, while the structural discharge reduction had positive influence on the improvement of the demand structure.

Research on the Framework of Regional Ecological Risk Assessment in Planning Environmental Impact Assessment

NIE Xin-yan, WANG Wen-jie, QIN Jian-xin, LI Tian-tian, LIU Jun-hui, WU Hao, FENG Yu

2012, 2(2): 154-161. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.02.023

Abstract(3525) PDF(1132KB)(937)

Abstract:
With the further development of national strategy on key areas, industries and sectors, ecological risk caused by human planning and exploitation is increasing. Some areas are now facing with negative ecological impacts including environmental pollution, habitat degradation and biodiversity loss, which makes ecological risk assessment (ERA) before the implementation of plans become more urgent. The history of regional ecological risk assessment (RERA) was reviewed, the results, experiences and problems of its mainstream framework at home and abroad summarized, and a framework of RERA suitable for China consisting of four parts, i.e. Risk Problem Formulation, Pressure-State-Response Analysis, and Comprehensive Assessment and Risk Management, presented. In the framework, the input of risk managers and interested parties was enhanced, the regional risk sources summed up, and the contents of comprehensive assessment improved. The framework could promote the application of RERA in China’s planning environmental impact assessment.

Application Effect Analysis of Track Vibration Isolation Measures in Subway Environmental Impact Assessment

XIE Yong-mei, GU Xiao-an, LIU Yang

2012, 2(2): 162-166. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.02.024

Abstract(3565) PDF(597KB)(858)

Abstract:
The effects of the track vibration isolation measures on environmental vibration isolation in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou metro operation lines were studied. The track vibration isolation performances of products by different manufacturers were compared. Fuzzy concepts in frequency domain analysis of the anti-vibration performance were clarified. The differences of the isolation effects in different frequencies of a variety of track vibration measures were analyzed. The principle of classifying various track vibration isolation measures according to the general, medium, high and special isolation measures in the city orbit traffic environmental impact assessment was proposed, and the recommendations on the valuing scopes of various grades of vibration isolation effects were given.

Operation Improvement of Ground Flare of Beijing Organic Plant of Dongfang Petro-Chemical Company

ZHOU Wei-ning

2012, 2(2): 167-171. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.02.025

Abstract(3821) PDF(708KB)(1803)

Abstract:
Flares can burn out waste gas from producing process. The ground flare uses new type burners, burning tower and a separating burning control system to get a good method to deal with waste gas. It has advantages of wide scale in dealing capability, burning efficiently, no smoke, no light pollution, no heat radiation and low noise. So, it is an environmental friendly process to deal with the gases. There were some problems in running of the ground flare, such as the burners unable to light each other, the gas pressure of water seal tank of torch being over its safe pressure, the blocking of torch gas pipes and water seal tank pipes, and the pilot burner unable to move properly. By the development of equipment and adjusting of running date, these problems were solved. The possibility of reducing the number of pilot burners to save nature gas was raised and the methods of promoting the reliability of the separating burning control system discussed.

Application of Microalgae Chlorophyll Fluorescence Technique in Environment Monitoring

JIANG Heng, WU Bin, YAN Bing, WU Zhi-qiang, XING Yong-ze

2012, 2(2): 172-178. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.02.026

Abstract(3285) PDF(996KB)(862)

Abstract:
The chlorophyll fluorescence technique applied to study on the changes of fluorescence parameters of the microalgae exposed to the environmental stresses was reviewed. Various kinds of environmental factors (light, temperature, pH, N, P, chemical substances, heavy metals) that impacted microalgae chlorophyll fluorescence parameter were summarized. By observing the changes of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of microalgae, the changes of photosynthesis process were presented, thus reflecting the effects of environmental stress on microalgae. It may supply references to the observation of microalgae physiology, ecology and the monitoring of water quality. Microalgae play significant roles as leading primary producer in the water. It may provide alternative approach or standard for the environmental monitoring by researching microalgae chlorophyll fluorescence.

2012 Vol. 2, No. 2

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