环境工程技术学报

2012 Vol.2, No.4

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Framework and Method System of Watershed Ecosystem Health Assessment(I): Framework and Indicator

WANG Wen-jie, ZHANG Zhe, WANG Wei, LIU Xiao-fu, XU Chao

2012, 2(4): 271-277. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.04.042

Abstract(3735) PDF(2133KB)(857)

Abstract:
Based on a summary of related studies on watershed ecosystem health assessment at home and abroad, the implications of watershed ecosystem health were put forward in terms of structural integrity, ecological functional sophistication and eco-environmental stress. According to the differences of watershed ecosystem physical structure, community compositions and leading eco-service function, aquatic (rivers), riparian and terrestrial areas were taken as the basic evaluation objects. Considering the spatial overlay relationship between natural geographical units and the administrative management units, the minimum watershed evaluation unit was determined. Basic framework of watershed ecosystem health assessment was constructed based on ecological structure, service function and stress characteristics of the three evaluation objects, and the watershed evaluation index system put forward, in order to identify the impact scopes and degrees of human activities on the watershed eco-systems, to determine the priority protection objects and management targets within the watersheds, and to provide technical references for eco-function regionalization and eco-compensation of the watersheds.

Spatial Heterogeneity of Lake Eutrophication Characteristics in the Third Topography Ladder in China

CAO Jin-ling, XU Qi-gong, XI Bei-dou, LI Xiao-ping, YANG Liu-yan, JIANG Li-wen, WEI Zi-min

2012, 2(4): 278-283. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.04.043

Abstract(4439) PDF(594KB)(1251)

Abstract:
In order to clarify the spatial heterogeneity of eutrophication characteristics in different lake regions in the third topography ladder (TTL) and provide scientific evidence for lake nutrients ecologic regionalization, the main geographical factors affecting the trophic status of lakes in the TTL were analyzed, and the spatial heterogeneity of the degree of influence and mechanism affected by geographical factors discussed. The results showed that the relationships between TLI and longitude, altitude (average annual temperature, multi-annual average precipitation) fitted to square or cubic model, and the vertexes of square or cubic curve were the boundaries of Northeast Plain-Mountain and North China Plain (and the Plain of Yangtze River). Great differences existed in the responses of algal biomass to nutrients TN or TP in the three lake regions in the TTL. Responses of algal biomass to TN and TP in the Plain of Yangtze River were stronger than that in North China Plain, leading to lower mean values and discrete degrees of TN and TP and higher mean value and discrete degree of Chl-a than North China Plain. The mean values and discrete degrees of TN, TP and Chl-a in Northeast Plain-Mountain were the lowest among the three lake regions. The response of algal biomass to TP was the highest in Northeast Plain-Mountain among the three lake regions indicating the highest utility efficiencies of TP.

Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Lake Eutrophication-related Parameters in China

CAO Jin-ling, XU Qi-gong, XI Bei-dou, LI Xiao-ping, YANG Liu-yan, JIANG Li-wen, WEI Zi-min, WU Xian-hua

2012, 2(4): 284-289. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.04.044

Abstract(4109) PDF(632KB)(923)

Abstract:
In order to understand the spatial distribution characteristics of lake nutrient concentrations and eutrophication states in China, correlation analysis and curve fitting were used to illustrate the relationships between eutrophication-related parameters, such as total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), phytoplankton biomass (Chl-a) and trophic level index (TLI), and geographical location parameters, such as longitude, altitude and elevation. The results showed that the concentrations of TN and TP were strongly positively correlated with the longitude and altitude, and negatively correlated with the elevation. However, the variations of TN and TP explained by altitude were only 3.0% and 3.7%, being lower than that explained by longitude and elevation. The concentrations of Chl-a and TLI increased with the longitude and decreased with the elevation, and weakly correlated with the altitude.

Phosphorus Distribution Status and Characteristic in Qinghai Lake

CHEN Xue-min, WANG Li-li, HAN Bing, FU Xiao-yong

2012, 2(4): 290-295. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.04.045

Abstract(4233) PDF(691KB)(1182)

Abstract:
Seventy-five samples by eleven vertical lines in Qinghai Lake were established to measure the total phosphorus (TP), soluble phosphorus concentration in the water body and other relevant water quality factors. The results showed that the soluble phosphorus was not the primary forms of phosphorus among complex forms of total phosphorus in the lake. The concentration of TP displayed a significant negative correlation with pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) and permanganate index, while showing a significant positive correlation with chlorophyll-a and algal biomass. The range of TP concentration in the lake was from 0.039 to 0.320 mg/L in May, from 0.067 to 0.197 mg/L in July, and from 0.037 to 0.080 mg/L in September, respectively. There was a significant difference in TP concentration in May, July and September (P<0.05) in Sand Island and Jiangxigou Terminal sampling sites. The TP concentration in September showed a significant difference (P<0.05) from that in May and July in 151 Terminal, Birds Island and Qinghai Lake Farm sampling sites. The TP concentration in May and July displayed no significant difference. In Shaliu River sampling site, the concentration of TP had no significant difference in May, July and September, but the TP concentration in July and September had a significant difference (P<0.05). Moreover, for Lake Center 3^# and Heima River sampling sites, the concentration of TP existed a significant difference in May, July and September(P<0.05), and the TP concentration in July and September had no significant difference. Furthermore, no significant difference of TP concentration was found in May, July and September in Bu’ha River, Lake Center 7^# and Quanji River sampling sites.

Spatiotemporal Distribution Characteristics of Surface Sediments Nutrients in Qiluhu Lake and Their Pollution Status Evaluation

WU Xian-hua, QIN Jie, WU Bin, ZHAO Bin, WANG Quan, GUO Hong

2012, 2(4): 296-302. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.04.046

Abstract(3535) PDF(980KB)(1362)

Abstract:
The spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of the nutrients from overlying water and surface sediments in Qiluhu Lake were analyzed by field survey and laboratory analysis. The results showed that there were big differences in the content and distribution between nutrients in surface and water body in winter and summer. The contents of total nitrogen were high in lakeside, low in the center of the lake and decreased from southwest to northeast in surface and water body. The contents of total phosphorus (TP) increased from southwest to northeast. Inorganic phosphorus (IP) was the main fraction of TP. The contents of phosphorus fractions in IP from high to low were Ca-P, Fe/Al-P, NH₄Cl-P. The concentration of organic matter of sediments was abundant, which had the tendency declining from lakeside to the center. By organic matter index and organic nitrogen evaluation standards, the organic matter index at each sampling station in the lake was high and the lake was at the serious pollution category; the pollution of organic nitrogen in the whole lake was serious and the western bay of the lake was the most seriously polluted area. It is thus an urgent task to control the nutrients concentration of sediments in Qiluhu Lake.

Study on Trophic State Assessment and Its Driving Factors of Small or Medium Size Lakes in Jangxi Province

JIANG Li-wen, CHEN Yang, LIN Tun, WANG Ya, SHI Jun-yi, RUAN Lei-lei, CAO Jin-xiang, LI Mei

2012, 2(4): 303-308. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.04.047

Abstract(3568) PDF(674KB)(1473)

Abstract:
Monitoring data of water quality for 25 small and medium lakes in Jiangxi Province in 2010 were collected. The trophic state of these lakes was evaluated by comprehensive eutrophication state index method, and the driving factors of the eutrophic lakes studied applying the principal component analysis (PCA). The results demonstrated that the trophic states of all the lakes were in mesotropher, 8 among which were lightly eutrophicated. The driving factors of the water eutrophication could be divided into 4 groups. The pH value, total nitrogen and nitrate were the most important indexes for water eutrophication in Jiangxi Province; the phosphorus-containing nutrient indexes such as TP and DP belonged to the second group; the natural characteristic indexes such as water depth and temperature were in the third group; and the biological and organic compounds indexes such as Chl-a and COD_Mn contributed the lest for water eutrophication in the studied lakes.

Analysis of Microcystis aeruginosa Experimental Simulation Data Based on Data Mining

XU Yun-feng, MA Chun-zi, HUO Shou-liang, XI Bei-dou, QIAN Guang-ren

2012, 2(4): 309-312. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.04.048

Abstract(3966) PDF(498KB)(918)

Abstract:
The data mining method was used to deeply analyze Microcystis aeruginosa experimental simulation data collected from literatures. The results demonstrated that principal component analysis, served as a non-parametric method of classification, could be used to identify the important variables. In addition, the primary factors which influenced the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa were initial pH (pH₀), alga density (N₀) and total phosphorus (TP₀). The growth of Microcystis aeruginosa might be inhibited by reducing the value of N₀, pH₀ or TP₀. This indicated that the data mining method could make qualitative analysis for experimental simulation data of Microcystis aeruginosa.

Water Environmental Capacity Accounting and Upstream Capacity Allocation of Baiyangdian Lake

ZHANG Hui, XI Bei-dou, GAO Ru-tai, JIANG Lei, WANG Jing-fei, XU Qi-gong

2012, 2(4): 313-318. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.04.049

Abstract(3599) PDF(726KB)(798)

Abstract:
According to years of water quality monitoring data, designed hydrologic conditions and parameters such as water quality targets, and based on division of the control unit of distributed capacity, the capacities of chemical oxygen demand (COD_Cr) and ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) were calculated using the method of pollutant capacity estimation in shallow lakes. The water environmental capacity allocation strategies reflecting social and economic features were given and their fairness evaluated using Gini coefficient. The results showed that the capacity of COD_Cr in Nanliuzhuang, Shaochedian and Caiputai was 2 526.8, 328.5 and 1 430.8 t/a, respectively, and the capacity of ammonia nitrogen was 155.0, 73.0 and 255.5 t/a, respectively. The Gini coefficients of the control units in the upstream of Baiyangdian Lake were all smaller than 0.4 and the allocation strategies were relatively rational.

Treatment of Berberine Wastewater Containing Copper by Fe-C Microelectrolysis Process: A Pilot-scale Test

CUI Xiao-yu, ZENG Ping, QIU Guang-lei, SONG Yong-hui, XIAO Shu-hu, ZHU Peng, ZHANG Dong-sheng

2012, 2(4): 319-324. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.04.050

Abstract(3337) PDF(717KB)(988)

Abstract:
The berberine wastewater containing copper was pretreated by pilot scale Fe-C microelectrolysis reactor- ion exchange column combined process. When a certain amount of iron and activated carbon were added into the reactor, the COD_Cr and Cu²⁺ removal efficiency were tested, and the copper recovery process was designed. The results showed that the berberine wastewater containing copper with initial COD_Cr concentration of 60 000~80 000 mg/L and Cu²⁺ concentration of 12 000~18 000mg/L could be pretreated effectively by Fe-C microelectrolysis reactor-ion exchange column combined process. The COD_Cr removal efficiency was higher than 44% and Cu²⁺ removal efficiency higher than 79% under the conditions of iron and activated carbon dosage being both 300 g/L, the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 120 min and ion exchange column HRT of 60 min. 12~13 kg bronze per ton wastewater could be recovered, having realized the cyclic utilization of bronze.

Study on Hazardous Materials and Environmental Protection Parameters of Vehicle Gasoline and Diesel Fuels in China

YUE Xin, PANG Yuan, MA Yao, BAO Xiao-feng, WANG Ming-yu, HUANG Xian-jiang

2012, 2(4): 325-332. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.04.051

Abstract(3798) PDF(1139KB)(904)

Abstract:
Hazardous material contents of vehicle gasoline and diesel are important fuel quality parameteres. Fuel quality is of great importance to vehicle emissions and air pollution, and in turn is directly linked to the effective implementation of China 4, China 5 and stricter vehicle emission control standards, as well as the emission reduction of all in-use vehicles. It is necessary to study hazardous material control parameters and work out the control approaches in order to carry out the joint prevention and effective control of air pollution and to mitigate air pollution in cities and city clusters. The background of hazardous material control parameteres formulation and the international fuel quality standards were introduced, and the proposals on environmental management of fuel quality presented.

Freeze-thaw Cycle Effects on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Content in Typical Soils of Northeast China

HU Yu, XIANG Bao, LIU Yu-ping, WANG Tai-ming, MA Guang-wen, FANG Guang-ling

2012, 2(4): 333-338. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.04.052

Abstract(4212) PDF(780KB)(943)

Abstract:
The influence of freeze-thaw cycles (FTC) on the total nitrogen, available nitrogen, total phosphorus and available phosphorus of black soil (BS), dark brown soil (DS) and paddy field soil (PS) were studied. The result demonstrated that the total nitrogen degree of the three types of soil had no significant changes after 15 times of FTC, which suggested that nitrification and denitrification had no obvious co-effect during this process. After 15 times of FTC, the available nitrogen degree of the three types of soil increased as a result of intensifying of soil water releasing and water permeability caused by FTC, and was the most remarkable for the available nitrogen of the PS which was increased by 31.25%. The total phosphorus degree of the three types of soil increased significantly after the first FTC, and then showed the increased tendency gradually, which was probably due to the damage of soil aggregate by FTC and the increased opportunities of reacting with the digestive system. After 15 times of FTC, the available phosphorus degree rose by 17.72% and 56.16% in BS samples and PS samples, respectively, and descended by 35.19% in DS samples. This showed that the change of available phosphorus degree was not only influenced by the C/P degree of soil but also by the land use pattern, and the available phosphorus degree could descend due to the net immobilization of phosphorus in forest land.

Research of Decision for Contaminated Site Remediation Based on DESYRE Model

ZHANG Hai-bo, ZHANG Lin-bo, LI Dai-qing, CHEN Yang, PIZZOL Lisa, CRITTO Andrea, MARCOMINI Antonio

2012, 2(4): 339-348. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.04.053

Abstract(3657) PDF(4574KB)(834)

Abstract:
The DESYRE model developed by CVR, Italy was applied to investigate the remediation of a contaminated site in North China. After a comprehensive analysis of the status of pollutant distribution, pollutant toxicity and exposure pathways, the risk level distribution under different land use scenarios were determined. Several good remediation technologies were screened from existing remediation technologies database and the remediation effects were simulated to provide scientific basis for selecting remediation technologies and formulating land use scenario. The results showed that for the site was most suitable for residential and recreation land uses, and the combination of excavation treatment and solidification/stabilization ex-situ technologies was the better for remediation. The DESYRE model could be suitable for sustainable management of contaminated sites in China, although it needs some modifications to adapt to the actual management context in China.

The Necessity of Performing Pollution Control Best Available Technology in the Electrolytic Manganese Industry and Relevant Recommendations

LI Xu-hua, YU Xu-ling, DAN Zhi-gang, WANG Fan, WU Hao

2012, 2(4): 349-353. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.04.054

Abstract(3423) PDF(793KB)(1383)

Abstract:
Electrolytic manganese industry is that with high resources and energy consumption, heavy pollution, and low profit. As electrolytic manganese enterprises are developing quickly, they also generate serious environmental pollution and ecological problems, and thus the sustainability of the industry is an important issue to be solved. In view of the serious pollution of wastewater, waste gas and solid waste from the electrolytic manganese enterprises, the low level of pollution prevention and control level and the lack of the pollution prevention and control technologies, the pollution emission characteristics, the pollution sources and the advantage and disadvantage of the pollution prevention and control technologies were analyzed, so as to point out the necessity and impendency of implementing the best available technologies (BATs) of pollution prevention and control in electrolytic manganese industry. Combined with the implications and purposes of BATs in electrolytic manganese industry, the recommendations to implement the pollution prevention and control BATs were put forward from view points of national, industrial, technological and managerial levels.

The Step Utilization of Wastewater Recycling Based on Water Category by Different Quality

MENG Li-hong, QIAO Qi, LIU Jing-yang

2012, 2(4): 354-357. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2012.04.055

Abstract(3267) PDF(490KB)(1118)

Abstract:
Water category by different quality is a philosophy of water supply and recycling by quality. Wastewater recycling is one method that treats and comprehensively utilizes the industrial wastewater and domestic sewage after scientific classification based on multiple purposes. The water quality requirements of water supply in an enterprise vary at different processes and so does the water quality of wastewater from different workshops. The water and wastewater were classified into different levels according to their qualities and the wastewater was treated and reused among different levels. The optimal solutions were obtained with minimum wastewater treatment costs as objective function and minimum wastewater discharges as constraints. A production line of a typical process in a pharmaceutical factory was taken as an example to perform optimization of circular cascade reuse of water resources of various workshops. The results showed that the annual fresh water volume of 244 900 tons with a cost of 612 300 yuan was saved, compared to existing circulating water and calculated by local water price of 2.5 yuan per ton tap water for industrial use.

Study on Performance of Environment-friendly PRD Drilling-in Fluid

DUAN Lian-chao, LUO Jian-sheng, LI Zi-li, LIU Zi-ming, GENG Tie, CHEN Zhong-hua, SUN Qiang, LIU Ke-qing

2012, 2(4): 358-362.

Abstract(3273) PDF(666KB)(1358)

Abstract:
A kind of environmental-friendly water base drilling fluid, PRD drilling-in fluid, was developed to deal with tripping difficulty and carrying cuttings in extended reach wells and horizontal wells. PRD drilling-in fluid composes of several highly biodegradable natural high polymer additives. The BOD₅/COD_Cr ratio of PRD system is 0.42. The dissolved oxygen decay evaluation showed that the two natural polymers, PF-VIS and PF-FLO were readily biodegradable, and PRD drilling-in fluid’s biological toxicity test met the biological toxicity limit requirement for the first level seas. Low shear rate viscosity (LSRV) was up to 60 000 mPa?s so that the system could carry and suspend cuttings with no cuttings bed and the core return permeability was more than 90%, which caused tiny damage to reservoir. The PRD drilling-in fluid was successfully applied in Bohai Bay, East Sea, South Sea and Xinjiang Oilfield, with greater oil and gas production than other drilling fluids systems.

2012 Vol. 2, No. 4

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