环境工程技术学报

2013 Vol.3, No.2

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Study of Combined Three-chamber Anaerobic Reactor and Vertical Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland Process for Rural Grey Wastewater Treatment

YANG Jin-gang, WANG Hai-yan, ZHOU Yue-xi, YANG Li-wei, GAO Jun-fa, WEI Ji-miao

2013, 3(2): 85-91. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2013.02.015

Abstract(2915) PDF(1003KB)(1092)

Abstract:
The combined three-chamber anaerobic reactor and vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland process was adopted for the treatment of the Changsha County rural dispersed grey wastewater to investigate the feasibility and the removal efficiency. From November 22, 2011 to June 9, 2012, the continuous 192 days operation results showed as follows. When the influent COD_Cr, NH₄⁺-N, TN and TP concentration was 283-684, 3.2-19.5, 13.2-37.4 and 1.2-6.3 mg/L, respectively, the COD_Cr, NH₄⁺-N, TN and TP average removal efficiency was 88.9%, 73.9%, 69.8% and 73.9% accordingly under the operation conditions of the anaerobic reactor 75 h HRT and the vertical constructed wetland 30 h HRT. The effluent average concentration of the four indexes was 52, 2.1, 5.1 and 0.7 mg/L, respectively, which could meet the Ⅰ-class B criteria specified in the Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB 18918-2002).

Reactivity Characteristics of Hexavalent Chromium Removed by PRB in Simulated Ground Water

MENG Fan-sheng, WANG Ye-yao, LI Li

2013, 3(2): 92-97. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2013.02.016

Abstract(3098) PDF(803KB)(945)

Abstract:
The zero-valent iron (Fe⁰) with particle size of 0.15-0.42 mm and the activated carbon (AC) with particle size of 0.15 mm were used as PRB reaction mediums. By continuous flow simulation experiments, the reactivity characteristics and removal effect of hexavalent chromium (Cr(Ⅵ)) contaminated ground water by Fe⁰/AC-PRB were investigated. The removal effect of Cr(Ⅵ) by AC, the reducing action of Cr(Ⅵ) by Fe⁰ and their redox products of chromium deoxidized, and collaborative removal effect of Fe⁰/AC were analyzed, and the speciation of chromium remained in aquifer was investigated. The results showed that Cr(Ⅵ) was removed to some extend mainly by adsorption under the conditions of influent pH 6.9-7.1. Meanwhile, the chromium could be deoxidized by Fe⁰ more effectively, with the efficiency up to 96% while continuously inputting simulated groundwater containing 10 mg/L hexavalent chromium. During the process, the redox products, Fe³⁺ and Cr³⁺, were precipitated on the reaction medium; therefore they did not transfer into downstream water. Micro-electrolysis improved the reduction capacity and efficiency of Fe⁰, and compared with the effect of sole Fe⁰, the ratio of chromium to iron increased by more than 1 time, the pH increased from 7.0 of influent to 8.0 of effluent, and the total iron concentration of effluent was below 0.20 mg/L. Chromium was easily transported and extracted by bioavailable weak acid when the aquifer was flushed with deionized water. Chromium was distributed mainly in organic/sulphide fractions and residue fraction, which indicated that a low ecological risk of chromium remained in aquifer to environment.

Kinetic Study of Electrochemical Treatment of Berberine Wastewater with Pt/Ti Anode

ZHANG Dong-sheng, SONG Yong-hui, TU Xiang, XIAO Shu-hu, CHENG Jian-guang, ZENG Ping

2013, 3(2): 98-103. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2013.02.017

Abstract(3127) PDF(657KB)(1201)

Abstract:
Electrochemical process was applied to the treatment of berberine pharmaceutical wastewater. The degradation kinetics of berberine was studied, and the effects of anode, bias potential, initial pH and Cl^- concentration on the berberine degradation were discussed. The results showed that the degradation of berberine on four anodes including Pt/Ti followed the pseudo-first order kinetics; electro-generated active chlorine played an important role on the degradation of berberine, anodic bias and initial Cl^- concentrations were the control factors of berberine degradation; under the optimal conditions of bias potential of 2.0-2.5 V, initial pH of 5.0-9.0 and Cl^- concentration of 0.10 mol/L, the pseudo-first order kinetic constant kept high. Berberine was easily degraded into organic acid or other small molecular compounds, and the removal efficiency of berberine reached above 90%.

Assessment Methods of Volatile Organic Contaminants Natural Attenuation in Contaminated Aquifers

XIE Yun-feng, CAO Yun-zhe, LIU Xiao-juan, KONG Xiang-bin, LI Fa-sheng

2013, 3(2): 104-112. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2013.02.018

Abstract(3141) PDF(1332KB)(1026)

Abstract:
Volatile organic contaminants (VOCs) are among the most frequently detected pollutants in groundwater of industrial contaminated site in China. VOCs are commonly found entrapped as non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL) in the soil pores of subsurface and become persistent sources of groundwater pollution with higher risk of environment and health. Monitoring natural attenuation (MNA) technology has gained more and more attention in recent years due to its low cost, small disturbance and no secondary pollution. The current frequently applied approaches to assess the ability of natural attenuation of aquifer contaminants were summarized both abroad and at home. The case studies of natural attenuation assessment for 60 sites showed that trend analysis of contaminant concentration and hydro-geochemical indicator methods were the most frequently applied methods. For a simple contaminated site, the in situ biodegradation process could be accurately and reliably assessed by the above two methods. For a complex contaminated site, the integration of different technologies, such as microcosm, microbiological analysis and stable isotope analysis, was recommended for a more robust and reliable characterization of in situ degradation process. In recent years, Stable Isotope Analysis method had gained increasing attention for assessing natural attenuation of organic contaminants in aquifers due to its potential to indicate contaminants degradation pathway and to quantify the rate of natural attenuation.

Water Quality Assessment for Heavy Metals in Rural Groundwater Sources around Shizhuyuan Polymetallic Mine in Chenzhou, Hunan Province

XU Bing-bing, XU Qiu-jin, LIANG Cun-zhen, LI Li, JIANG Li-jia

2013, 3(2): 113-118. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2013.02.019

Abstract(3062) PDF(1065KB)(986)

Abstract:
Water quality assessment for heavy metals in rural groundwater sources around Shizhuyuan Polymetallic Mine in Chenzhou, Hunan province in wet and dry seasons was carried out by using Single-factor Assessment Method and Nemerow Index Methods. The results showed that Fe, Mn, Ba , Zn , Cu , As, Pb , Ni, Cr , Cd and Hg were ubiquitous in rural groundwater sources. Mn, Fe and As were the main heavy metal pollutants in rural groundwater sources around Shizhuyuan mine area, with the detection concentrations exceeding Sanitary Standard for Drinking Water (GB 5749-2006) by 14.72, 1.73 and 1.61 times, respectively. The rural groundwater quality was poorer in dry season than that in wet season. The water quality in poor, good and excellent status in dry season accounted for 5%, 10% and 85% of the total rural groundwater sources, respectively, while in wet season it accounted for 5%, 5% and 90%, respectively.

Application of Hamming Distance Fuzzy Mathematics Method in Groundwater Quality Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Landfills

AN Da, JIANG Yong-hai, YANG Yu, MA Zhi-fei, ZHANG Jin-bao

2013, 3(2): 119-123. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2013.02.020

Abstract(3137) PDF(615KB)(1317)

Abstract:
Fuzzy evaluation method can quantify fuzzy issues in water quality evaluation, and can thus evaluate water pollution levels more accurately and scientifically. On the basis of existing researches in water quality evaluation, Hamming Distance Fuzzy Assessment Method, a kind of brief and feasible method, was selected for groundwater quality assessment of three municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills in Beijing. The assessment results were compared with those by other methods such as conventional fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. The results of Hamming Distance Fuzzy Assessment Method showed that the groundwater quality levels of three MSW landfills were Ⅳ, Ⅳ and Ⅲ, respectively, which was almost consistent with the conclusions by other four methods including conventional fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. The results showed that Hamming Distance Fuzzy Assessment Method was feasible for groundwater quality assessment of MSW landfills and the assessment results were reliable. The groundwater pollution degree could be characterized by further contrasting the values of Hamming distance under the same groundwater quality level, which demonstrated that the method had a high resolution.

Comparisons of Classical Test Methods of Ready Biodegradability for Chemicals

LIU Chun-xin, YU Li-na, YANG Li, NIE Jing-lei, CHEN Lin, YIN Ya-dan

2013, 3(2): 124-132. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2013.02.021

Abstract(3160) PDF(1381KB)(1341)

Abstract:
By analyzing the experimental principle, operating feature and limited factors of six classical test methods of ready biodegradability, it was pointed out that the suited test method, test substance concentration and inoculum concentration had better be selected according to the values of EC₅₀ and EC₂₀ of activated sludge from respiration inhibition test. After comparing the requirement on concentration ranges of test substances, source and pre-condition of inoculum, preparation and preliminary treatment of mineral medium, and validity of quality control of the six test methods, it was indicated that inoculum was forbidden to contact test substances before inoculating in all test methods of chemicals for ready biodegradability; different sources of inoculum might impact on test results greatly. Each method required different concentrations of inoculum, and it was suggested that bacteria should be enumerated by using plate-counting techniques and microbial cell densities controlled accordingly. The effective preliminary treatment of inoculum and mineral medium could reduce blank values. It was important to avoid organic carbon generated from filter membrane or centrifugation influence on analyzing DOC concentration. Frequent questions in test process were listed, and it was emphasized that test results should be estimated from degradation curve, and that trans-areas and multi-source standard inoculum should be researched and developed as soon as possible.

Research on Testing Methods for PM_2.5 Emission in Coal-fired Power Plants

WANG Zheng, XUE Jian-ming, XU Yue-yang, WANG Hong-liang, WANG Xiao-ming, GUAN Yi-ming, LIU Jun

2013, 3(2): 133-137. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2013.02.022

Abstract(3492) PDF(661KB)(1030)

Abstract:
The emission characteristics of PM_2.5 in coal-fired power plants and the current main emission testing methods for PM_2.5 were introduced. The relatively mature monitoring methods included Method 201 A, Method 202 which were developed by US EPA and ISO 23210:2009 method which were developed by ISO. The dilution sampling PM_2.5 emission test methods and ELPI method show good development and application prospect in recent years. Finally, combined with the pollution controlling experience in China, some suggestions on air pollutants emission reduction from coal-fired power plants were raised.

Research on Scenario Analysis Based Multi-objective Programming for Socio-economic Development in Urban Lake Basins

XU Jian-xin, ZHANG Qiao-li, LIE Hong-jun, MA Xi-tang, XIA Xun-feng, XI Bei-dou

2013, 3(2): 138-146. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2013.02.023

Abstract(2958) PDF(1183KB)(958)

Abstract:
Taking Dongchang Lake Basin in Shandong Province as an example, selecting the water indicators of production, living and ecology as key points of entry, the society-economy-environment coordination fuzzy chance constrained multi-objective programming model was established to maximize the benefits of the society, economy and ecological environment. Three different development scenarios, i.e. resources and environment constrained scheme, socio-economic development constrained scheme and coordination development scheme, were set on the bases of inertia scenario and planning scenario with the fuzzy weights of objective function and the chance constrained analysis of sewage scale. Optimized results of all the schemes in the planning year were analyzed and, combined with current situation and planning requirements for the river basin, the best socio-economic development mode and pollution control countermeasures of given. Finally, the socio-economic development mode and adjustment direction of industrial structure in the lake basin in 2008-2030 were suggested.

Distribution and Correlation of Nutrients and Particle Size in Surface Sediments of Lake Chaohu and Its Inflow Rivers

LI Qiang, HUO Shou-liang, WANG Xiao-wei, XI Bei-dou, ZHANG Jing-tian, TAN You-yuan

2013, 3(2): 147-155. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2013.02.024

Abstract(3219) PDF(1027KB)(1025)

Abstract:
In order to identify the main pollution sources and characteristics of Lake Chaohu and its inflow rivers, contents of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), inorganic phosphorus (IP), organic phosphorus (OP) and organic matter (OM) of 34 surface sediments samples were determined, and the correlation of TN, TP, IP, OP, OM and particle size distribution also analyzed separately. The results showed that the nutrients content of sediments in the west part of Lake Chaohu was significantly higher than that of the east part, and the nutrients content of sediments in the middle part was strikingly low. The nutrients content of Nanfei River sediments was much higher than that of other inflow rivers, and reached its peak down the river which flowed through the Hefei City. Furthermore, it was founded that the contents between TOC and TN, TN and OM, TP and IP of sediments were significantly correlated, which indicated that organic nitrogen and inorganic phosphorus were the main fractions of TN and TP respectively, and content of inorganic nitrogen remained relatively constant comparing with organic nitrogen. However, TN was significantly correlated with TP and IP, indicating the homology between nitrogen and phosphorus of sediments. The results of sediment particle size analysis also showed that the correlation between sediment particle size and TOC, TN, TP, IP became less significant with the increase of the particle size.

Analysis of Lake Management Strategies of Different Types of Lakes Abroad and Enlightenments for China

SONG Fei-fei, HU Xiao-zhen, JIN Xiang-can, YU Hui

2013, 3(2): 156-162. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2013.02.025

Abstract(2940) PDF(954KB)(1619)

Abstract:
Cases of 17 lakes from Japan, North America and Europe were studied in order to provide guidelines and experience for the pollution control and treatment of eutrophication in domestic lakes. According to the differences in area, average depth and function of the water body, the lakes could be divided into three types: large or medium-sized shallow lakes, deep lakes, and landscape (small) lakes. Various analytical methods including data analysis, comparative study and data integration were employed to analyze the control strategies and techniques of the three types of lakes. Based on the results, the following summaries could be drawn: a) the lake management should be persistent; b) the control should follow a stepwise scientific procedure based on good planning; c) attention should be paid to the long-term monitoring and basic researches; d) source control of pollutants using integrated methods should be the primary task; e) ecological remediation should be performed in order to restore the natural ecosystem in the lakes; f) watershed management should be strengthened, and legislation, environmental education and public participation be encouraged.

Ambient Background Management and Its Implications for Environmental Site Assessment

TANG Yan-dong, HE Xin, ZHOU Hui-yan, ZHANG Chao-yan, YAN Zeng-guang, ZHOU You-ya, LI Fa-sheng

2013, 3(2): 163-168. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2013.02.026

Abstract(2868) PDF(889KB)(909)

Abstract:
Ambient background management was the basis for the determination of region-scale pollution status, assessment of environmental quality, forecasting of pollution and development of environmental standards. Issues related to background management were of critical importance to correctly interpret assessment data at potentially contaminated sites and properly discriminate possible anthropogenic inputs from background contributions. A lack of definition or a wrong knowledge of local reference background concentration for contaminants of concern may cause misleading conclusions on the classification of a site as potentially contaminated or overestimation of the contaminated volumes, and the background management strategy was therefore absolutely necessary for environmental site assessment procedures at potentially contaminated sites. A brief introduction to the methodology for determination of background values were made, and the influence of environment background assessment in environmental site assessment were briefed. The related basic information of background management and current international regulatory approaches and standard practices in Europe (Italy and Holland), USA and Canada were outlined.

Discuss on Establishment Process of Environmental Technology Management System in China

GAO Zhi-yong, WANG Cui-ping, WANG Kai-jun, WANG Ying

2013, 3(2): 169-173. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2013.02.027

Abstract(2891) PDF(723KB)(1563)

Abstract:
The National Environmental Technology Management System Establishment Plan announced in 2007 became a significant symbol for environmental technology management work. The role of technology in the environmental protection had been enhanced by technology management, achieving the goal of the technology playing the same important role as legal, economic and administrative instruments. At present, the technical guideline documents had covered the industries and areas including rural residential pollutant treatment, poultry raising pollutant treatment, municipal wastewater sludge treatment, thermal powers, and iron and steel industries, etc. The environmental technology evaluation system and demonstration of dissemination system were under construction. It was projected that the environmental technology management system would be primarily established by the end of the Twelfth Five-Year Period.

Study on the Construction of Environmental Technology Verification Platform in China

SONG Qian-wu, XU Chun-lian, ZHANG Wei, WANG Hong-yu, ZHAO Xiu-qin, WU Shao-wei

2013, 3(2): 174-178. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2013.02.028

Abstract(2951) PDF(767KB)(1373)

Abstract:
The systematic framework, functions and application of environmental technology verification (ETV) platform were presented, which was the first one in China. Additionally, the innovation points and its characters of technologies integration in the process of the platform construction were described. Furthermore, the future application prospect of the platform in China was forecasted.

Research on Anaerobic Co-digestion of Food Waste and Sewage Sludge

DENG Guo-ping, REN Yu-sen, LI Jie-wei, SUN Ye-zheng

2013, 3(2): 179-182. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2013.02.029

Abstract(3142) PDF(516KB)(1604)

Abstract:
The organic matter content of food waste is high and can easily cause system acidification and suspension in the process of anaerobic digestion. The anaerobic co-digestion technology to jointly treat food waste and sewage sludge was studied, which could well solve the difficulty of controlling the food waste digestion conditions. The results showed that the anaerobic co-digestion of food waste and sewage sludge could run steadily when the total solid(TS) content of the feeding waste was about 10%, hydraulic retention time(HRT) being 20 d, and alkalinity controlled between 6 000-8 000 mg/L. And under these conditions, the organic loading rate reached 5.29 g/(L•d), the biogas production rate reached 1.03 L/g (calculated by volatile solid(VS)) and the methane content in biogas was more than 59%.

2013 Vol. 3, No. 2

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