环境工程技术学报

2013 Vol.3, No.3

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Study on Antibiotic and Starch Mixed Wastewater Treatment by Combined Two-phase Anaerobic, Aerobic and ANAMMOX Process

YAO Hong, WANG Yu-kai, HE Yong-miao, XU Jing, TIAN Sheng, MA Qian-you, ZHANG Shu-jun

2013, 3(3): 183-188. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2013.03.030

Abstract(2652) PDF(2228KB)(909)

Abstract:
A full-scale test was conducted with a process combining two-phase anaerobic, aerobic and ANAMMOX to treat mixed wastewater from chlortetracycline and starch production. 272 days of continuous experimental result demonstrated that the removal rate of COD_Cr, ammonia and total nitrogen (TN) of the combined process was 94%-98%, 96.9% and 89.8% when the influent COD_Cr, ammonia and TN were 4 000-18 000 mg/L, 100-800 mg/L(average value 530 mg/L) and 200-1 000 mg/L(average value 624.4 mg/L), respectively. The effluent average COD_Cr, ammonia and TN concentration were 514, 15.6 and 59.2 mg/L, respectively. The combined process could effectively reduce the organic load, the burden on the follow-depth treatment, and also the operating and investment costs of conventional materialized denitrification by using biological treatment. The ammonia and TN of effluent could meet the Discharge Standards of Water Pollutants for Pharmaceutical Industry Fermentation Products (GB 21903-2008).

Data Statistical Analysis and Operating Suggestion of a Wastewater Treatment Plant using BAF Process

LI Xiao-qian, YANG Yang, YUAN Zhi-dan, ZHU Jing, ZHANG Yu

2013, 3(3): 189-194. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2013.03.031

Abstract(2678) PDF(841KB)(1294)

Abstract:
Considering the high efficiency and stabilization, some operation data of a wastewater treatment plant using BAF process were analyzed through In order to evaluate the efficiency and stabilization of the biological aerated filter (BAF) process, the operation data of a wastewater treatment plant using BAF process, including COD, SS, ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen, were analyzed through the average value method and the cumulative frequency method respectively. The results showed that, when the data were less fluctuated, both the average value method and the cumulative frequency method were suitable for analyzing the operation results of BAF process, and the average value method was more convenient and feasible. On the contrary, the cumulative frequency method was much better in reflecting the capacity and efficiency of BAF process when the data were more fluctuated. Based on the data analysis and practical experience, some operating suggestions of BAF were given on enhancing pretreatment, optimizing back-flushing and improving treatment effects, etc.

Comparative Experimental Study on A²O and MUCT Processes for the Improvement of Discharge Standards and Reconstruction of Wastewater Treatment Plant with SDAO Process

YANG Peng-cheng, TIAN Zhi-yong, SONG Yong-hui, YANG Yong-zhe, FU Bo-siyuan, LI Kui

2013, 3(3): 195-201. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2013.03.032

Abstract(2654) PDF(907KB)(888)

Abstract:
Based on the biological nitrogen and phosphorous removal mechanisms, the treatment effects and differences of transforming SDAO process into A²O process and MUCT process without additional building and apparent structural modification were studied. The results showed that the removal efficiency of COD_Cr and NH₄⁺-N in both processes could reach above 90.0%, but with the relatively low TN and TP removal efficiencies under the condition of influent C/N=3.25 during the early domestication period. Nitrogen and phosphorous removal efficiency could be considerably improved by supplementing additional carbon source. After improving the C/N to 6.75 and keeping the A²O process at stable operation, the TN and TP removal efficiencies of 75.6% and 78.8% could be reached with effluent TN of 15.6 mg/L and TP of 1.4 mg/L, respectively. The removal efficiency of MUCT process was not as good as A²O: the removal efficiencies of TN and TP were 62.8% and 37.3%, and the average effluent TN and TP were 25.3 and 2.8 mg/L, respectively. Step-feed could improve the removal efficiencies of MUCT: under stable operations, the TN and TP removal efficiencies could be improved to 72.8% and 86.8%, with effluent TN of 20.3 mg/L and TP of 0.9 mg/L, respectively. In conclusion, the A²O process had more obvious advantages than the MUCT process when used for the improvement of discharge standards and for the reconstruction of SDAO process. The effluent COD_Cr, NH₄⁺-N and TN of A²O process met the requirements of Class 1A discharge standards of the National Standard (GB 18918-2002); while the effluent TP could meet the Class 1B standard, and additional chemical phosphorus removal was thus required to meet the Class 1A discharge standard.

Technology Development of Flocculating Pretreatment of Livestock and Poultry Manure Slurry and of Phosphorus Recovery by MAP Crystallization

MA Quan-zhi, XIANG Lian-cheng, SONG Yong-hui, FENG Chuan-ping, QIAN Feng

2013, 3(3): 202-207. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2013.03.033

Abstract(2655) PDF(749KB)(1157)

Abstract:
Flocculation was applied to the pretreatment of livestock and poultry manure fermenting slurry. Inorganic flocculants such as aluminium polychloride (PAC) and ferric sulfate(Fe₂(SO₄)₃), organic flocculants such as nonionic polyacrylamide (PAM), anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) and polyacrylamide (CPAM) were tested to remove suspended solid (SS) from the liquor. The results showed that CPAM was more efficient for SS removal than other flocculants. At SS of 13 500 mg/L, a CPAM dosage of 1.02 g/L could lower the SS to 148 mg/L, reaching a removal efficiency of 98.9%. After the flocculating pretreatment, the PO₄^3--P concentration was around 35 mg/L, and magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) crystallization process was used to recover phosphorus. It showed that at Mg:P molar ratio of 1:1, the optimum pH was 9.5, at which the phosphate removal efficiency was the highest; while at Mg:P molar ratios of 1.5-2:1, the optimum pH was 10.0. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were employed to detect and analyze the crystallized product, and it showed that the product was MAP.

Review of Research on Underground Injection Technology for Industrial Hazardous Waste Disposal both at Home and Abroad

ZHONG Wei, GAO Zhen-ji, ZANG Ya-qiong

2013, 3(3): 208-214. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2013.03.034

Abstract(2573) PDF(938KB)(1464)

Abstract:
Underground injection (UI) technology provides a new direction for industrial hazardous waste disposal. By learning from foreign experience and considering the actual situation of China, the potential of applying the UI in China was analyzed, and the geological environment problems possibly caused by the UI technologies were taken full account of. On the basis of a review of foreign studies, some suggestions on carrying out UI the technologies in China were put forward, which include establishing and improving UI related laws and regulations, strengthening UI engineering environmental management capacity, and establishing and perfecting relevant licensing system.

Influence of Aeration Rate on Butyl Acrylate Wastewater Treatment by Biological Fluidized Bed

XU Jie, SONG Yu-dong, ZHOU Yue-xi, HUANG Zhen, LIANG Dong-mei, HE Xu-wei

2013, 3(3): 215-219. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2013.03.035

Abstract(2581) PDF(634KB)(1037)

Abstract:
Biological fluidized bed was used for the treatment of synthetic butyl acrylate wastewater. The influence of aeration rate was investigated. It was indicated that redox conditions changed significantly in reactor with the decrease of aeration rate. The decrease of (oxidation-reduction potential) ORP and DO had a significant influence on the degradation of acrylic acid and para-toluene sulphonic acid, which were the two main organic pollutants in the wastewater. When ORP was -272~-106 mV and DO was 0.36-0.93 mg/L, the average removal rate of acrylic acid was over 97%. When ORP was below -245 mV, the concentration of degradation intermediate of acrylic acid, acetic acid and propionic acid, increased significantly in effluent. When ORP was -128~-106 mV, concentration of acetic acid was 9.42 mg/L and propionic acid was not detected. When ORP was -272~-245 mV, concentration of acetic acid and propionic acid increased to 65.3 mg/L and 296.0 mg/L, respectively. When ORP was -128~-106 mV and DO was 0.7-0.93 mg/L, average removal rate of para-toluene sulphonic acid was 87%. When ORP was below -179 mV and DO was below 0.53 mg/L, the removal rate of para-toluene sulphonic acid was between 20% and 24%. When ORP was changed from -128~-106 mV to -272~-245 mV, the average removal rate of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) decreased from 89.9% to 46.1%.

Spatial and Temporal Variation of Main Impact Factors and Importance of Wind Break and Sand-fixing Function in Hulun Buir Grassland Eco-function Area

FENG Yu, WANG Wen-jie, LIU Jun-hui, WU Hao, MA Su, NIE Xin-yan

2013, 3(3): 220-230. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2013.03.036

Abstract(2794) PDF(4111KB)(1328)

Abstract:
With the eco-function areas of the Hulun Buir grassland as the case study areas, the vegetation cover, topographic factor, soil erodibility, strong wind hours and wetness index were selected as the indicators to assess the importance of wind-prevention and sand-fixing function, and the assessment indicator system constructed using a combination Delphi Method and Analytic Hierarchy Process Method. The function importance of wind break and sand-fixing was evaluated for the eco-function areas in three periods (2000-2003, 2004-2007, 2008-2011) by ETM image data and GIS, and the dynamic change and spatial distribution pattern of single factor importance and comprehensive importance were analyzed. The result indicated that the vegetation coverage played the most prominent role in the wind break and sand-fixing function. From 2000 to 2011, the function importance increased first and then reduced, with the increase trend from east to west. The sand belt area was with highest importance while the temperate meadow steppe area and temperate steppe area were with light importance.

Electrostatic Precipitator for Power Plants: Present Status and Prospects of New Technologies

LI Kui-zhong, MO Jian-song

2013, 3(3): 231-239. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2013.03.037

Abstract(4005) PDF(1222KB)(1915)

Abstract:
With the implementation of the Emission Standard of Air Pollutants for Thermal Power Plants(GB 13223-2011), the industry of electrostatic precipitator (ESP) will face unprecedented pressure and challenge. The present status and application problems of the electrostatic precipitator were summarized, and the development and application of flue gas pretreatment technology, electrostatic precipitator optimization technology, high-frequency power supply technology, synergy technology and other new technologies were discussed in detail. Finally, the prospects of the electrostatic precipitator technology were forecasted, mainly on ontology-based innovation, new power supply development and synergistic removal of multiple pollutants.

Research on Setting and Amending Process of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards of the United States

WANG Zhan-shan, CHE Fei, REN Chun, XU Shu, WANG Sheng, LI Qin, WANG Zong-shuang, WU Xue-fang

2013, 3(3): 240-246. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2013.03.038

Abstract(3395) PDF(854KB)(1500)

Abstract:
The elements composition of United States national ambient air quality standard (NAAQS) and evolution of concentration limits were reviewed. The results shows that NAAQS is divided into two levels in accordance with the protected objects, and composed of the pollutants, averaging time, concentration limits and attainment statistical requirements. Since 1971, it has been revised eleven times. Originally, the pollutants consisted of six kinds of pollutants including SO₂, TSP, Pb, photochemical oxidants (measured by O₃), HC, NO₂ and CO. Afterwards, the pollutants were adjusted by adding PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and Pb and revoking TSP and HC, and there are 7 pollutants currently. The 24-hour average and annual-average concentration limits of PM_2.5 are more stringent than the initial values by 20% and 46%, and the O₃ 8-hour and Pb quarterly average concentration limits are tightened by 6% and 90%, respectively. The attainment statistical requirements have also been adjusted to concentration percentile and annual highest value from the original times above the standard limits.

Feasibility Study on Co-processing Cyanide-contained Gold Mine Tails in Cement Kiln for Resource Utilization

SANG Yi-min, TIAN Wei, ZHANG Qian, LIU Jia, LI Fa-sheng, GU Qing-bao

2013, 3(3): 247-252. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2013.03.039

Abstract(2989) PDF(773KB)(924)

Abstract:
The test of co-processing cyanide-contained gold mine tails in cement kiln for resource utilization was carried out. The feasibility of cement raw material replaced partially by cyanide-contained gold mine tails was discussed, and the removal effect of cyanide in treated mine tails and exhausted gas was investigated. The experimentation indicated that it was feasible to partially replace cement raw materials by cyanide-contained gold mine tails. The oxygen concentrations in the kiln effected cyanide removals in mine tails slightly, while the treatment temperature played an import role with high temperature able to promote cyanide removal in mine tails. The cyanide content in the treated mine tails agreed with Standard of Soil Quality Assessment for Exhibition Sites (HJ 350-2007). The oxygen concentration had some effect on the removal of cyanides in the exhaust gas; the cyanides concentration in the exhaust gas was low when with high oxygen concentration, basically not affected by the treatment temperature. The cyanide decomposing rates were above 98% as a whole and the cyanide concentrations in exhausted gases during cement kiln co-processing gold mine tails satisfied Integrated Emission Standard of Air Pollutants (GB 16297-1996) and Occupational Exposure Limits for Hazardous Agents in the Workplace (GBZ 2.1-2007).

Discussions of X-ray and γ-ray Shielding Characteristics of Glasses from Dismantled Color Cathode Ray Tubes

CHENG Jun-hua, ZHANG Jian, CHEN Gang, XU Xin-min, WANG Pei-zhao, SHI Jun-jun

2013, 3(3): 253-258. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2013.03.040

Abstract(2481) PDF(710KB)(1125)

Abstract:
Large quantities of dismantled cathode ray tube (CRT) wastes from used computer monitors and TV sets have become a major environmental risk in the world. New disposal and re-use approaches are needed to address the risk. The lead equivalent, chemical composition and sintering characteristics of the glasses from dismantled color CRTs were tested by QH16 Χ,γ-ray standard dosimetry device, XRF, ICP, XRD and ash fusibility furnace, and the results were compared with those of steel, iron ore and barite et al.. The mass attenuation coefficients, X-ray and γ-ray absorption, and radiation protecting capabilities of the glasses were discussed. The results showed that the constituents of the glasses, such as Pb, Ba, Sr, Sb, Ce, Zn, were effective for the radiation protection. The preparing of the radiation shielding materials with these wastes using sintering treatment technique could be an effective approach to their pollution control and utilization.

Analysis of Environmental Risk of Leakage and Diffusion of Distillation Column in Petrochemical Enterprises Based on MATLAB

ZHANG Jun-ming, YUAN Peng, GUO Ji-xiang, XU Wei-ning, SONG Yong-hui

2013, 3(3): 259-265. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2013.03.041

Abstract(2750) PDF(1106KB)(931)

Abstract:
In order to fast assess the environmental risks of emergency leakage from the distillation columns in petrochemical enterprises, the diffusion results of crude oil vapor under both calm and windy conditions were obtained and then visualized by applying the software MATLAB based on hazardous substance leakage and diffusion models. Under the two types of meteorological conditions, the maximum concentrations of the released crude oil vapor were found at release source and at the point in the distance of 1 200 m from the release point respectively. The figures of concentration contours were obtained based on simulating calculations. In the possible explosion areas, the facilities around the explosion sites could be on fire or deformed because of overpressure, and the atmospheric environment over the explosion sites would be polluted. People in different radius ranges of overpressure would be damaged by different degrees. People would all get to death within a radius of 90.3 m of explosion accident and would be heavily injured within a radius of 145.4 m. The alkane from incomplete combustion of the explosion accidents and the crude oil vapor beyond the explosion areas would also have some adverse effects on the people’s health and the surrounding environment.

The Implementation Experience and Its Enlightenment of Best Available Techniques (BAT) in European Union

WANG Zhi-hui, SONG Qian-wu, FENG Hao, QIN Qi, JIANG Ping, WANG Yan-jie

2013, 3(3): 266-271. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2013.03.042

Abstract(3231) PDF(892KB)(1502)

Abstract:
In order to improve the management level of the environment technology, trial work of compiling a batch of best available techniques (BATs) guidelines were initiated in China in the Eleventh Five-year Plan Period. The current development of BATs in China showed that the investigation work was large, the technical information collected was not comprehensive, it lacked the innovative technologies promotion mechanism, the BATs screened out could not effectively guide the direction of the technology development. The implications of BATs in European Union (EU), the role of BAT reference documents, the implementation process and the information exchange mechanism were analyzed in detail. The role of BATs in laws and regulations, the sources of the technical information, the screening methods of BATs and the incentive mechanisms for innovative technologies in EU were summed up. It was pointed out that, in order to achieve the technology support of BAT for the environmental management, the legal basis for the application of BAT system, the technical information exchange platform, the technical working groups and the expert groups, and the verification mechanism to promote the development of new technologies should be established urgently in China.

Effects of Water Hardness on Ecotoxicity of Cadmium and Copper to Aquatic Organisms

WANG Wei-li, JIAO Cong-ying, YAN Zhen-guang, DENG Ming-cen, HE Li, GAO Fu, LIU Zheng-tao

2013, 3(3): 272-278. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2013.03.043

Abstract(2617) PDF(932KB)(1013)

Abstract:
The biological toxicity of Cd²⁺ and Cu²⁺ to Carassius auratus, Pseudorasbora parva and Daphnia magna was studied under different water hardness. The results revealed that at the hardness of 80 mg/L CaCO₃, the median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) of Cu²⁺ to P. parva and D. magna was 100 and 79 μg/L, respectively; and at the hardness of 250 mg/L the LC₅₀ of Cu²⁺ to the two organisms was 160 and 159 μg /L, respectively. The LC₅₀ of Cd²⁺ to C. auratus at the hardness of 50 and 250 mg/L was 3.69 and 16.3 mg/L, respectively. The results showed that the acute toxicity of Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺ to aquatic organism decreased with the increase of water hardness. The hardness slope of toxicity of Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺ was 0.513 and 0.923, respectively, and the influence of hardness on toxicity of Cd²⁺ was greater than that of Cu²⁺.The results of subacute toxicity test for C. auratus showed that the chronic toxicity and quantity of Cd²⁺ absorbed by the fish were reduced when the hardness increased. It revealed that the higher water hardness was able to reduce the bioavailability of heavy metal.

2013 Vol. 3, No. 3

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