环境工程技术学报

2016 Vol.6, No.4

Cover

Study on Impact of Gasoline Detergent on Vehicle Emissions and Its Detergency

ZHU Rencheng, BAO Xiaofeng, JIA Ming, YUE Xin, LIU Zemin, WANG Bowen

2016, 6(4): 307-313. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2016.04.046

Abstract(1469) PDF(1073KB)(910)

Abstract:
Through the dynamometer tests, variations of tailpipe emissions from a passenger car fueling with 93^# gasoline adding 10 different gasoline detergents were tested, respectively. Furthermore, a qualified physical detergent was chosen from the 10 detergents. The effects of energy saving and emission reduction were tested, and the detergency of the physical detergents in the engine deposits was also evaluated by engine disassembly test before and after driving about 12×10⁴ km with the additive. The results showed that the tailpipe emissions from the test vehicle would have different decrease if using qualified detergents. However, some emissions, such as HC and NO_x, might be increased after using unqualified detergents. The vehicle emissions of HC, CO, NO_x decreased obviously after using the physical detergent, approximately 14.3%, 13.6% and 16.7%, respectively. At the same time, the fuel consumption had a slight decrease of approximately 3.5%. There were some improvements in the deposits on the intake valves and cylinder covers after using the physical detergent. For example, the intake valve deposits (IVDs) decreased by about 6.8%. However, there was no obvious clarifying effect on the deposits on the piston crowns. The test also proved that major repair of the engine might result in the increase of fuel consumption and CO, NO_xemissions, while the vehicle emissions and the fuel consumption would be improved after the deposits being cleaned.

Study on Environmental Problems and Countermeasures in Process of New-type Industrialization

LU Qingzhi, XIE Minghui, LI Xueying, QIAO Qi

2016, 6(4): 314-322. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2016.04.047

Abstract(1618) PDF(1243KB)(1181)

Abstract:
The environmental problems of air pollution, water pollution and solid wastes, and the resource scarcity status of sharp decline in self-sufficiency and low efficiency of resource use in the process of new-type industrialization in China were analyzed and compared with developed countries firstly. Then the causes of these problems were analyzed from the aspects of industrial structure, energy structure, and the system of cleaner production and circular economy. Finally, some countermeasures were put forward in order to solve the problems, such as adjustment of industrial structure and energy structure, deeply promoting cleaner production, and strongly developing circular economy, etc.

Emission Permit System Development Trend and Thinking of Emission Permit Design in China

JI Zhibo, WANG Wenjie, LIU Xiaofu, TIAN Shiqiang, XU Chao, LIU Baiyin, CHEN Yunwei, QIU Wenting, LUO Lei

2016, 6(4): 323-330. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2016.04.048

Abstract(1627) PDF(1278KB)(952)

Abstract:
The emission permit system is an effective way to control the total amount of pollutants. The EU adopts IPPC as the supporting regulations and constraints emission reduction targets of member states based on the best available techniques (BATs). The emission permit in Japan has emission standards developed based on the pollutant total control, and determines the control standard values for various pollutants according to different industries and facilities and decides the emission control amount of pollutions on the basis of production processes and wastewater treatment technologies. The United States implements the national pollutant discharge elimination system(NPDES) emission permit system in combination of "water quality-based standards" and "technology-based standards". At the present, China’s emission permit system takes the model of the combination of total amount control and concentration control, with the problems of mismatching of the state’s total amount control, enterprises wastewater treatment technology limits and environmental capacity, etc. By comparing the emission permit systems in various foreign countries and in combination with the characteristics of China’s emission permits system, the design ideas and suggestions were proposed, including taking the combination of "top-down" and "down-top" as the basic principle, integrating targeted total amount control, industry total amount control and capacity total amount control, taking source control and whole-process pollution prevention and control measures to build China’s emission permit system.

Enlightenment of International Water Criteria for Future Revision of Water Quality Standard in China

WANG Feifei, ZHAO Yongdong, QIAN Yan, WANG Xianliang

2016, 6(4): 331-335. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2016.04.049

Abstract(1355) PDF(720KB)(904)

Abstract:
The primary objective of environmental quality standards is to protect human health. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have respectively carried out research on water quality criteria and formulated a complete system of methodology. The updated Environmental Protection Law of China in 2015 has supplemented the requirement of scientifically determining the environmental criteria. Therefore, it is necessary to learn from the principles and methodology of water quality criteria revisions in developed countries and review the international advanced criteria from the aspects of the methods of pollutants screening and criteria limits determining, etc. The foreign experience could provide references and suggestions for independently establishing national water quality criteria and standards in line with China’s own conditions.

Influence of the Liquid-phase Chemical Method Modified MBBR Carriers on Advanced Nitrogen Removal of Urban Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent

LI Chunmei, WANG Haiyan, WANG Youle, HANG Qianyu, CHENG Zirui, LIU Kai

2016, 6(4): 336-342. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2016.04.050

Abstract(1603) PDF(935KB)(860)

Abstract:
To improve the nitrate removal ability of the polythene (PE) carriers in the moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBR), the liquid-phase chemical method was used to modify the PE carriers and the ability of advanced nitrogen removal denitrification of the modified PE (MPE) carriers also studied extensively. The results showed that the static contact angle of the MPE surface was 75.5° which decreased by 26.6% compared with that of PE. The MPE surface structure roughness was higher than that of PE through the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation, and the oxygen element content of MPE was increased and the surface structure was changed compared with PE using the energy dispersive spectra and IR spectra analysis. The denitrification ability of MPE MBBR was improved obviously compared with PE MBBR. When the influent NO₃^--N and TN of MPE MBBR were (8.5±1.5) mg/L and (14.3±2.1) mg/L, the NO₃^--N and TN removal were (75.2±7.0)% and (56.5±10.7)%, respectively, which were increased 20.8% and 58.1% compared with the PE MBBR accordingly.

Study on Adsorption of Perchlorate by Anion Exchange Resins and Its Mechanisms

QU Hongbin, WAN Dongjin, XIAO Shuhu, ZHANG Liping, LIU Ruixia

2016, 6(4): 343-349. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2016.04.051

Abstract(1691) PDF(844KB)(749)

Abstract:
Several commonly used ion exchange resins were compared and the optimal resins to absorb perchlorate were screened out. It showed that Cl717 anion exchange resin acquired the best adsorption efficiency. The adsorption process attributed to the pseudo second order kinetics model, and the equilibrium isotherm for perchlorate uptake corresponded closely to the Langmuir model, belonging to the adsorption type of single layer. The increase of temperature and dosage was beneficial to the adsorption. Co-existed anions could affect the adsorption process with the interference order of Cl^-3^-4^2-4^3-. The best regeneration efficiency was obtained when the concentration of regenerated solution was 2.16 mol/L and the amount of regenerated solution was 5 times of the resin volume. The FTIR analysis revealed that the mechanism of resin absorbing perchlorate was probably the attraction of resin skeleton electrostatic and the formation of hydrogen bond between perchlorate and resin quaternary amine groups.

Adsorption Properties of Nano MnO2 for Cu2+ and Cd2+ in Water

HUANG Yifan, YU Zhihong, LIAN Fei, SHEN Yue, SONG Zhengguo

2016, 6(4): 350-356. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2016.04.052

Abstract(1676) PDF(899KB)(970)

Abstract:
Nano manganese dioxide (nMnO₂) was synthesized by the two-phase method of aqueous phase and organic phase, its adsorption property of Cu²⁺and Cd²⁺ in water, and analyzed the Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺ adsorption characteristics by Langmuir and Freundlich equation. The results showed that the nMnO2 specific surface area is 141.66 m²/g; the adsorption of Cu2+ and Cd²⁺ respectively reached equilibrium in 500 and 225 min, the adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics model and Elovich model, the adsorption rate of Cd²⁺ was higher than that of Cu²⁺; the adsorption characteristics of nMnO₂ on Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺ fit the Langmuir equation, the maximum adsorption amount of Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺ was 104.5 mg/g and 89.1 mg/g respectively; in the adsorption process of Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺, ΔG＜0, ΔH＜0 and ΔS＞0, temperature increase favored the adsorption reaction, so the temperature improving would increase the adsorption of nMnO₂ on heavy metal ions; the adsorption ability of nMnO₂ on Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺ was greatly influenced by pH in the range of 3-6; the improvement of the system pH would increase the adsorption capacity of nMnO₂ on Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺. The synthesis process of nMnO₂ is simple and it has good adsorption performance on heavy metal Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺, and it can be used as a good adsorption material.

Advances in Research on Coking Wastewater Control Technologies

GAO Peng, XU Lu, XIN Ning, CHEN Kelei

2016, 6(4): 357-362. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2016.04.053

Abstract(1580) PDF(882KB)(1050)

Abstract:
Coking wastewater is the typical industrial wastewater with high-concentration and refractory organic compounds. The sources of coking wastewater and the characteristic organic pollutants in it were introduced. It was emphasized that the analysis of water quality is the precondition of wastewater treatment process selection. The control of coking wastewater pollution should be based on the whole process from source control to end-of-pipe treatment. The source control and pretreatment play an important role in reducing the biochemical system load. The trends of biological treatment technologies, such as biological denitrification, biological fluidized bed, immobilized biotechnology and microorganism technology, etc., were introduced. It was pointed that the selection of deep treatment processes should consider the characteristics of effluent and the reuse requirements.

Foreign Environmental Smog Chambers and Current Application Researches

WANG Zongshuang, XU Shu, WANG Sheng, SU Hongmei, WU Xuefang, LI Hong, TAN Yufei, GUO Min, GU Yanyue

2016, 6(4): 363-370. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2016.04.054

Abstract(1770) PDF(1212KB)(1030)

Abstract:
The definition, classification, wall effects and characterization of environmental smog chambers were simply summarized, and their application researches were reviewed. It is indicated that the main material of foreign environmental smog chambers was Teflon FEP; the indoor chamber with relatively smaller volume had powerfully controlling ability of simulated conditions including light intensity, temperature and relative humidity; while the outdoor chamber with relatively larger volume was on the contrary which could fully use sun light. Most smog chambers of single function with advanced instruments such as laser induce fluorescence (LIF) were unremovable, nor applied to carry out simulated research aiming at concrete areas and nor adapted to the researches on human exposure and emission theory of decorative building materials; Applying smog chamber, the researches on photochemical smog mechanism theory, secondary organic aerosol and atmospherically chemical behavior of newly added trace gases were done. Therefore, the future environmental smoke chambers require not only the mobility in order to be suitable for indoor and outdoor atmospheric chemistry simulating experiment, but also the comprehensive functions to simulate the photochemical reaction mechanism and to research the air pollution and effects on human health to meet China carrying out researches on comprehensive simulation of atmospheric chemistry, strengthening haze, ozone formation mechanism, relationship between atmospheric pollution and population health.

Optimization and Upgrading of Semi-dry Desulfurization Process of Circulating Fluidized Bed for Ultra Clean Emission

YANG Jiajun

2016, 6(4): 371-376. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2016.04.055

Abstract(1342) PDF(753KB)(885)

Abstract:
In order to achieve clean coal-fired units emission requirements，the conventional semi-dry desulfurization process for circulating fluidized bed is upgraded，so as to achieve a high desulfurization efficiency, low emission concentration of dust,stable and reliable operation，and so on.This process is particularly suitable for burning low-sulfur coal unit.Compared the dominate process by wet desulfurization,the upgraded of semi-dry desulfurization process is cheaper by investment and higher efficiency by comprehensive benefits.This paper is taking an example of a thermal power plant in Zhejiang, full-depth analysising the whole project transformation process from the absorption tower, bag filter and the control system.Adoption of the operational data determining , the semi-dry process route not only can meet the current stringent clean emission requirements, but also has more advantages than the wet desulfurization .In the currentment of speeding up the improvement of air quality and governing the haze problem，this semi-dry desulfurization process has a very broad application prospects and promotion of significance.

Production of Amino Acids and Its Effect on the Formation of Humic Acids during Composting

WEI Zimin, WU Junqiu, ZHAO Yue, YANG Tianxue, XI Beidou, SHI Jianhong, WEN Xin, LI Dongyang

2016, 6(4): 377-383. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2016.04.056

Abstract(1641) PDF(997KB)(927)

Abstract:
The dynamic of amino acids (AA) concentration and the influence on the formation of humic acids (HAs) were investigated during composting of cabbage waste (CW), lawn waste (LW), chicken manure (CM), garden waste (GW) and corn straw (CS). The results showed that AAs concentration was decreased during composting process. The decrease in LW (90.7%) and CS (80.9%) was more than CM (67.4%), GW(51.3%) and CW(50.1%). During the composting process, the HAs concentration was gradually increased. The increment of HAs concentration in LW (66.8%) was higher than CW (38.9%), CS(43.9%) and CM(33.6%), while GW was only 4.6%. The significantly inverse correlations have been obtained between AA and HAs concentration during LW, CW and CS composting, suggesting that AA derived from the cellulose materials composting can observably promote the formation of HAs.

Application in Heavy Metal Contaminated Sites of Three-dimensional Visual Modeling

WEI Wenxia, SONG Boyu, LI Peizhong, WANG Haijian, GUO Guanlin, ZHANG Wen, QUAN Teng

2016, 6(4): 384-390. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2016.04.057

Abstract(1877) PDF(928KB)(850)

Abstract:
Using a battery factory relocation site as the research object, stratigraphic exploration data and lead concentrations in soil were used to establish a contaminant prediction three-dimensional model of the site. In constructing three-dimensional contaminant prediction model, the cross validation analysis method was used to select the optimal interpolation method and parameters. The three-dimensional visual projection and analysis was performed for the lead pollution distribution in the contaminated soil. The results showed that the minimum spacing of sample points (40 m×40 m) as well as nearest point interpolation method were most suitable for describing the terrain of the site. The Kriging interpolation method showed high precision and was suitable for analysis of soil pollution characteristics of interpolation. The relationship between the site characteristics and the stratum and distribution of production was analyzed by the established three-dimensional visual modeling method.

Common Used Remediation Technologies for Volatile and Semivolatile Organic Compounds Contaminated Soils and Their Application in US Superfund Sites

MA Yan, DONG Binbin, XU Dongyao, GU Qingbao, XIE Yunfeng, SHI Yi, DU Xiaoming

2016, 6(4): 391-396. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2016.04.058

Abstract(1726) PDF(751KB)(921)

Abstract:
The US Superfund contaminated sites remediation practice shows that 84% of soil contamination is caused by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). The remediation technologies of VOCs/SVOCs-contaminated sites have been relatively mature and widely used in developed countries; in contrast, there are less cases of engineering remediation application in China due to that site remediation has just started in our country. In this paper，common organic contaminated soil remediation technologies in both China and abroad are introduced，with the focus on the principle of soil vapor extraction, soil flushing/washing, solidification/stabilization, thermal treatment/desorption and bioslurry systems. The efficiency, duration, cost and application of these technologies are compared, and current and future applications of these technologies are discussed. This review provides references and suggestions to the remediation of VOCs/SVOCs-contaminated sites in China and other developing countries.

Discussion on Characteristics and Model Application of Urban Nonpoint Source Pollution in China

QIN Pan, LEI Kun, KHU Soon-Thiam, QIAO Fei

2016, 6(4): 397-406. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2016.04.059

Abstract(1736) PDF(1397KB)(513)

Abstract:
The definitions of urban nonpoint source pollution were summarized, and the categories, sources, hazards and factors of urban nonpoint source pollution were discussed. In order to calculate the load of urban nonpoint source pollution, a series of urban non-point source pollution models, such as SWMM, STORM, MOUSE, etc., were developed. Because of the high concentration and more sources (such as streets, roofs, squares, rainfall, road-side trash, living sources, and pipeline deposition) of urban nonpoint source pollutants in China, difficulties may be encountered in the application of the foreign models to calculate urban nonpoint source pollution load. Based on the characteristics of urban nonpoint source pollution and the current applications of SWMM in China, the problems in the applications of urban non-point source pollution model were proposed, including model parameters valuing and validation, pollutant types selection for simulation and basic data obtaining, etc., and the recommendations of future study on urban nonpoint source pollution were provided.

Leaching Characteristics and Utilization Risk of Heavy Metal Ferrochromium Slag

LIU Baiyang, MA Liqiang, YANG Yufei, YUE Bo, HUANG Qifei

2016, 6(4): 407-412. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2016.04.060

Abstract(2228) PDF(832KB)(819)

Abstract:
Open storage, landfill disposal and resource utilization of ferrochromium slag may have environmental risks because of containing heavy metals. The ferrochromium slag sample from a ferrochrome smelter in Chongqing city was taken as an example and the leaching experiment performed adopting national standard leaching methods. The results showed that the leaching concentrations of heavy metals such as V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Zn, As, Se of the water quenched slag, dry slag and old slag were much lower than the hazardous waste identification standards, among which the leaching concentration of Cr was 0.033 8, 0.012 2 and 0.027 8 mg/L, respectively for the three slags. Therefore, ferrochromium slag should belong to general industrial solid wastes, which means that ferrochromium slag can be disposed of in a landfill as general industrial solid waste and the environmental risk of the recycled products from it should be paid more attention to.

2016 Vol. 6, No. 4

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