| Citation: | LIU H P,CHEN X Y,LU B W,et al.Research progress on pretreatment techniques for alkylphenols in environmental water[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology，2023，13（5）：1893-1900 doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20221272
|
As a kind of typical environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals, alkylphenols can exist stably in the water environment for a long time, and have become great-concern substances by environmental scholars at home and abroad. On the basis of recent literature on the pollution of alkylphenols in environmental water, the principal pretreatment techniques were reviewed, of which commonly used in the analysis and detection of alkylphenol in environmental water were emphatically expounded, including liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid-phase extraction (SPE), solid phase micro-extraction (SPME), and so on. The principle, characteristics, influencing factors and practical application of the above methods were introduced. The results showed: 1) Alkylphenols were widely detected in various environmental water at home and abroad, and concentrations were generally between undetected (ND) and several thousand ng/L, which were easy to be adsorbed on suspended solids or colloidal particles in water. It was urgent to establish reliable, efficient and fast pretreatment techniques to lay a good foundation for the accurate determination and quantitative analysis of alkylphenols in water. 2) Compared with SPME and stir bar adsorption extraction, LLE and SPE were superior in the aspect of recovery rate, precision and stability, and both had been applied in the national standard analysis methods of alkylphenols in environmental water in many countries. In the future, research should be strengthened on the extraction capacity and selectivity of fillers, the durability of coatings, and the combination of multiple extraction techniques, to establish rapid, efficient, miniaturized, solvent-free or less solvation, environmentally friendly and automated pretreatment techniques. Also, the management of alkylphenols should be strengthened, being integrated into the water quality standards, discharge standards, etc.
| [1] |
黎绍学, 杨俊, 曾莹, 等.LC-MS/MS测定食品接触材料中烷基酚类物质的溶出暴露水平[J]. 食品工业,2018,39(2):320-324.
LI S X, YANG J, ZENG Y, et al. Determination the migration of alkylphenol in food contact materials by LC-MS/MS[J]. The Food Industry,2018,39(2):320-324.
|
| [2] |
李金荣, 郭瑞昕, 刘艳华, 等.五种典型环境内分泌干扰物赋存及风险评估的研究进展[J]. 环境化学,2020,39(10):2637-2653. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2019072903
LI J R, GUO R X, LIU Y H, et al. Occurrence and risk assessment of five typical environmental endocrine disruptors[J]. Environmental Chemistry,2020,39(10):2637-2653. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2019072903
|
| [3] |
傅明珠. 烷基酚在近海海洋及河口环境中的浓度分布与初步生态风险评估[D]. 青岛: 中国海洋大学, 2007.
|
| [4] |
王志强, 张依章, 张远, 等.太湖流域宜溧河酚类内分泌干扰物的空间分布及风险评价[J]. 环境科学研究,2012,25(12):1351-1358. doi: 10.13198/j.res.2012.12.43.wangzhq.009
WANG Z Q, ZHANG Y Z, ZHANG Y, et al. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of typical EDCs in Yili River of Taihu Basin[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2012,25(12):1351-1358. doi: 10.13198/j.res.2012.12.43.wangzhq.009
|
| [5] |
李雯雯, 王晓南, 高祥云, 等.基于不同毒性终点的壬基酚生态风险评价[J]. 环境科学研究,2019,32(7):1143-1152. doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2019.03.14
LI W W, WANG X N, GAO X Y, et al. Ecological risk assessment of nonylphenol based on different toxic endpoints[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2019,32(7):1143-1152. doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2019.03.14
|
| [6] |
XIE W P, ZHAO J G, ZHANG Q Y, et al. Occurrence, distribution and bioaccumulation of alkylphenols in the Pearl River networks, South China[J]. Ecological Indicators,2020,110:105847. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105847
|
| [7] |
仪修玲, 余波平, 韩琦, 等. 东江水体中内分泌干扰物的时空分布与生态风险评估[C]//中国环境科学学会2021年科学技术年会:环境工程技术创新与应用分会场论文集(四). 北京:中国环境科学学会, 2021: 147-152.
|
| [8] |
陈玫宏, 郭敏, 刘丹, 等.典型内分泌干扰物在太湖及其支流水体和沉积物中的污染特征[J]. 中国环境科学,2017,37(11):4323-4332. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2017.11.038
CHEN M H, GUO M, LIU D, et al. Occurrence and distribution of typical endocrine disruptors in surface water and sediments from Taihu Lake and its tributaries[J]. China Environmental Science,2017,37(11):4323-4332. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2017.11.038
|
| [9] |
ZHANG Y Z, TANG C Y, SONG X F, et al. Behavior and fate of alkylphenols in surface water of the Jialu River, Henan Province, China[J]. Chemosphere,2009,77(4):559-565. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.07.005
|
| [10] |
樊静静, 王赛, 唐金鹏, 等.广州市流溪河水体中6种内分泌干扰素时空分布特征与环境风险[J]. 环境科学,2018,39(3):1053-1064. doi: 10.13227/j.hjkx.201708145
FAN J J, WANG S, TANG J P, et al. Spatio-temporal patterns and environmental risk of endocrine disrupting chemicals in the Liuxi River[J]. Environmental Science,2018,39(3):1053-1064. doi: 10.13227/j.hjkx.201708145
|
| [11] |
慈苗蔚. 南四湖流域酚类污染物时空分布及风险评估[D]. 济南: 山东师范大学, 2021.
|
| [12] |
DENG N S. Determination of endocrine disrupting compounds in rivers and lakes of Wuhan City, China[J]. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin,2008,17(2):203-210.
|
| [13] |
杨佰娟, 蒋凤华, 徐晓琴, 等.固相萃取柱上衍生气相色谱-质谱法测定水中烷基酚[J]. 分析化学,2007,35(5):633-637. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0253-3820.2007.05.004
YANG B J, JIANG F H, XU X Q, et al. Determination of alkylphenols in water by solid-phase extraction with on-column derivatization coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J]. Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry,2007,35(5):633-637. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0253-3820.2007.05.004
|
| [14] |
殷伟, 范德玲, 汪贞, 等.天津市地表水体与沉积物中7种高关注酚类化合物的污染特征与生态风险分析[J]. 生态毒理学报,2020,15(1):230-241. doi: 10.7524/AJE.1673-5897.20190125002
YIN W, FAN D L, WANG Z, et al. Pollution characteristics and ecological risks of 7 phenolic compounds of high concern in the surface water and sediments of Tianjin, China[J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2020,15(1):230-241. doi: 10.7524/AJE.1673-5897.20190125002
|
| [15] |
OROS D R, JARMAN W M, LOWE T, et al. Surveillance for previously unmonitored organic contaminants in the San Francisco Estuary[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2003,46(9):1102-1110. doi: 10.1016/S0025-326X(03)00248-0
|
| [16] |
LI D H, DONG M H, SHIM W J, et al. Seasonal and spatial distribution of nonylphenol and IBP in Saemangeum Bay, Korea[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2005,51(8/9/10/11/12):966-974.
|
| [17] |
FALUDI T, BALOGH C, SERFŐZŐ Z, et al. Analysis of phenolic compounds in the dissolved and suspended phases of Lake Balaton water by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(15):11966-11974. doi: 10.1007/s11356-015-4734-x
|
| [18] |
SOLÉ M, de ALDA M J L, CASTILLO M, et al. Estrogenicity determination in sewage treatment plants and surface waters from the Catalonian area (NE Spain)[J]. Environmental Science & Technology,2000,34(24):5076-5083.
|
| [19] |
DAVID A, FENET H, GOMEZ E. Alkylphenols in marine environments: distribution monitoring strategies and detection considerations[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2009,58(7):953-960. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.04.021
|
| [20] |
刘君, 胥志祥, 黄斌, 等.环境水体中酚类EDCs前处理技术及分析方法研究进展[J]. 分析测试学报,2015,34(4):468-476. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-4957.2015.04.017
LIU J, XU Z X, HUANG B, et al. Research progress of analysis methods for phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals in environmental water[J]. Journal of Instrumental Analysis,2015,34(4):468-476. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-4957.2015.04.017
|
| [21] |
黄照荣, 冯华业.固相萃取技术在食品分析中的应用[J]. 食品安全导刊,2021(18):166. doi: 10.16043/j.cnki.cfs.2021.18.088
HUANG Z R, FENG H Y. Application of solid phase extraction technology in food analysis[J]. China Food Safety Magazine,2021(18):166. doi: 10.16043/j.cnki.cfs.2021.18.088
|
| [22] |
Water quality: determination of selected alkylphenols: part 1.method for non-filtered samples using liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography with mass selective detection: ISO 18857-1[S]. Madrid, Spain: ES-AENOR, 2007.
|
| [23] |
Standard test method for determination of nonylphenol, bisphenol A, p-tert-octylphenol, nonylphenol monoethoxylate and nonylphenol diethoxylate in environmental waters by gas chromatography mass spectrometry: ASTM D7065-06[S]. Philadelphia, USA: ASTM International, 2006.
|
| [24] |
周同娜.LLE-GC/MS和SPE-HPLC在水中烷基酚测定中的差异分析[J]. 当代化工研究,2022(15):34-36. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-8114.2022.15.011
ZHOU T N. Difference analysis of LLE-GC/MS and SPE-HPLC in the determination of alkylphenols in water[J]. Modern Chemical Research,2022(15):34-36. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-8114.2022.15.011
|
| [25] |
王静, 潘荷芳, 文莹, 等.地表水中烷基酚类化合物的超高效液相色谱/串联质谱分析方法[J]. 中国环境监测,2008,24(5):8-11. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-6002.2008.05.003
WANG J, PAN H F, WEN Y, et al. An ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of alkylphenols in surface water[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China,2008,24(5):8-11. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-6002.2008.05.003
|
| [26] |
王世玉, 刘菲, 吴文勇, 等.影响12种壬基酚同分异构体液液萃取效率的因素研究[J]. 岩矿测试,2014,33(4):570-577. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0254-5357.2014.04.019
WANG S Y, LIU F, WU W Y, et al. Study on impact factors of affecting liquid-liquid extraction efficiency of 12 nonylphenol isomers[J]. Rock and Mineral Analysis,2014,33(4):570-577. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0254-5357.2014.04.019
|
| [27] |
边海燕. 河口近海环境中烷基酚的分布特征与潜在生态风险评估[D]. 青岛: 中国海洋大学, 2010.
|
| [28] |
张珏, 奚晔, 詹铭.超高效液相色谱法测定饮用水中壬基酚、辛基酚[J]. 实用预防医学,2016,23(3):289-291. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-3110.2016.03.010
ZHANG J, XI Y, ZHAN M. Determination of nonylphenol and octylphenol in drinking water by ultra high performance liquid chromatography[J]. Practical Preventive Medicine,2016,23(3):289-291. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-3110.2016.03.010
|
| [29] |
蔡素婷. 酚类内分泌干扰物的气相色谱质谱法研究及应用[D]. 重庆: 重庆大学, 2012.
|
| [30] |
丁洁, 张圣虎, 刘济宁, 等.液相色谱-串联质谱法测定污水处理厂水样中双酚A、四溴双酚A及烷基酚类化合物[J]. 色谱,2014,32(5):529-534. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2013.12043
DING J, ZHANG S H, LIU J N, et al. Determination of bisphenol A, tetrabromobisphenol A and alkylphenols in water samples of sewage treatment plant using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry[J]. Chinese Journal of Chromatography,2014,32(5):529-534. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2013.12043
|
| [31] |
熊丽蓓, 卢大胜, 戴艺, 等.水中双酚A和烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚降解物的GC-MS测定方法研究[J]. 环境卫生学杂志,2013,3(6):566-570. doi: 10.13421/j.cnki.hjwsxzz.2013.06.014
XIONG L B, LU D S, DAI Y, et al. Determination of bisphenol A and degraded compounds of alkylphenol ethoxylates in water by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Environmental Hygiene,2013,3(6):566-570. doi: 10.13421/j.cnki.hjwsxzz.2013.06.014
|
| [32] |
Water quality - determination of selected alkylphenols: part 2. gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of alkylphenols, their ethoxylates and bisphenol A in non-filtered samples following solid-phase extraction and derivatisation: ISO 18857-2[S]. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, 2009.
|
| [33] |
Water quality: determination of individual isomers of nonylphenol: method using solid phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS): ISO 24293: 2009[S]. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization,2009.
|
| [34] |
Standard test method for determination of nonylphenol, p-tert-octylphenol, nonylphenol monoethoxylate and nonylphenol diethoxylate in environmental waters by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry: ASTM D7485-09[S]. Philadelphia, USA: ASTM International, 2009.
|
| [35] |
生态环境部. 水质 9种烷基酚类化合物和双酚A的测定 固相萃取/高效液相色谱法: HJ 1192—2021[S/OL].[2022-12-01]. https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/fgbz/bz/bzwb/jcffbz/202111/W020211109398140329282.pdf.
|
| [36] |
王大宁, 董益阳, 邹明强. 农药残留检测与监控技术[M]. 北京: 化学工业出版社, 2006.
|
| [37] |
李杨, 张书芬, 邢家溧, 等.固相萃取-气相色谱-串联质谱法检测水中18种酚类化合物[J]. 色谱,2020,38(8):953-960.
LI Y, ZHANG S F, XING J L, et al. Determination of 18 phenolic compounds in water by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with solid phase extraction[J]. Chinese Journal of Chromatography,2020,38(8):953-960.
|
| [38] |
迂君, 徐烨.气相色谱-质谱法测定水中6种烷基酚[J]. 中国卫生检验杂志,2008,18(12):2548-2549. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-8685.2008.12.036
YU J, XU Y. Determination of 6 alkylphenols by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in water[J]. Chinese Journal of Health Laboratory Technology,2008,18(12):2548-2549. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-8685.2008.12.036
|
| [39] |
ZHAO J L, YING G G, WANG L, et al. Determination of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals and acidic pharmaceuticals in surface water of the Pearl Rivers in South China by gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2009,407(2):962-974. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.09.048
|
| [40] |
郭文建, 王超, 吕怡兵, 等.固相萃取-液相色谱/荧光检测法同时测定水中8种烷基酚和烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚[J]. 环境化学,2018,37(3):497-504. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2017071301
GUO W J, WANG C, LÜ Y B, et al. Simultaneous determination of eight alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates in water by solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection[J]. Environmental Chemistry,2018,37(3):497-504. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2017071301
|
| [41] |
罗洲飞, 徐梦薇, 陆静, 等.高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱测定环境水样中20种环境内分泌干扰物[J]. 环境化学,2020,39(7):1923-1933. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2019050706
LUO Z F, XU M W, LU J, et al. Determination of 20 endocrine-disrupting compounds in environmental water samples by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry[J]. Environmental Chemistry,2020,39(7):1923-1933. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2019050706
|
| [42] |
陈益欧. 苏州市主要水体、饮用水及餐饮用具壬基酚污染状况调查及其去除方法研究[D]. 苏州: 苏州大学, 2013.
|
| [43] |
王金成, 熊力, 张海军, 等.固相萃取-高效液相色谱-质谱法测定海水中的烷基酚和烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚[J]. 色谱,2011,29(12):1160-1164.
WANG J C, XIONG L, ZHANG H J, et al. Determination of alkylphenol and alkylphenolpolyethoxylates in brine by solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry[J]. Chinese Journal of Chromatography,2011,29(12):1160-1164.
|
| [44] |
吴丽, 马莹, 王昭申, 等.SPE固相萃取-高效液相色谱联用测定地表水中烷基酚[J]. 干旱环境监测,2019,33(1):17-21.
WU L, MA Y, WANG Z S, et al. Determination of alkylphenols by SPE solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography pectrometry in surface water[J]. Arid Environmental Monitoring,2019,33(1):17-21.
|
| [45] |
朱杰民, 吴西梅, 罗振奎, 等.高效液相色谱法测定自来水及供水塑料管材浸泡液中的烷基酚类化合物[J]. 中国卫生检验杂志,2008,18(12):2457-2458. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-8685.2008.12.003
ZHU J M, WU X M, LUO Z K, et al. Analysis of environmental estrogen-alkyl pheols in tap water and soak water of plastic tube for water supply by high performance liquid chromatography[J]. Chinese Journal of Health Laboratory Technology,2008,18(12):2457-2458. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-8685.2008.12.003
|
| [46] |
刘畅伶, 张文强, 单保庆.珠江口典型河段内分泌干扰物的空间分布及风险评价[J]. 环境科学学报,2018,38(1):115-124. doi: 10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2017.0289
LIU C L, ZHANG W Q, SHAN B Q. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of endocrine disrupting chemicals in the typical station of Pearl River[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2018,38(1):115-124. doi: 10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2017.0289
|
| [47] |
杨蕴嘉, 牛宇敏, 杨奕, 等.在线固相萃取-液相色谱串联质谱法测定饮用水中的双酚A和壬基酚[J]. 卫生研究,2013,42(1):127-132. doi: 10.19813/j.cnki.weishengyanjiu.2013.01.030
YANG Y J, NIU Y M, YANG Y, et al. An on-line solid phase extraction column switching liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry system to analyze bisphenol A and nonylphenol in drinking water[J]. Journal of Hygiene Research,2013,42(1):127-132. doi: 10.19813/j.cnki.weishengyanjiu.2013.01.030
|
| [48] |
蔡亚岐, 刘稷燕, 江桂斌.固相微萃取-液相色谱联用技术研究进展[J]. 化学进展,2004,16(5):708-716. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1005-281X.2004.05.005
CAI Y Q, LIU J Y, JIANG G B. Progress of coupling solid-phase microextraction to liquid chromatography[J]. Progress in Chemistry,2004,16(5):708-716. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1005-281X.2004.05.005
|
| [49] |
张鹤小. 固相微萃取高效液相色谱法测定工业污水中酚类环境激素[D]. 沈阳: 沈阳师范大学, 2013.
|
| [50] |
PAN Y P, TSAI S W. Solid phase microextraction procedure for the determination of alkylphenols in water by on-fiber derivatization with N-tert-butyl-dimethylsilyl-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta,2008,624(2):247-252. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.06.039
|
| [51] |
CAI Y Q, JIANG G B, LIU J F, et al. Solid-phase microextraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-fluorimetric detection for the determination of bisphenol A, 4-n-nonylphenol, and 4-tert-octylphenol in environmental water samples[J]. Analytical Letters,2004,37(4):739-753. doi: 10.1081/AL-120029749
|
| [52] |
秦宏兵, 顾海东, 张晓赟.搅拌棒吸附萃取-热脱附-气相色谱-质谱法测定水中3种烷基酚[J]. 理化检验:化学分册,2014,50(5):602-605.
QIN H B, GU H D, ZHANG X Y. GC-MS determination of 3 alkylphenols in water with stirring rod adsorptive extraction and thermal desorption[J]. Physical Testing and Chemical Analysis: Part B: Chemical Analysis,2014,50(5):602-605.
|
| [53] |
林福华, 邱宁宁, 黄晓佳, 等.搅拌棒固相萃取与液相色谱联用测定水样品中烷基酚类污染物[J]. 分析化学,2010,38(1):67-71.
LIN F H, QIU N N, HUANG X J, et al. Determination of alkylphenol in water samples by stir bar sorptive extraction based on poly(vinylimidazole-divinylbenzene) monolithic material and liquid chromatographic analysis[J]. Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry,2010,38(1):67-71.
|
| [54] |
LOU L P, CHENG G H, YANG Q, et al. Development of a novel solid-phase extraction element for the detection of nonylphenol in the surface water of Hangzhou[J]. Journal of Environmental Monitoring,2012,14(2):517-523. doi: 10.1039/C1EM10731C
|
| [55] |
谢美仪. 基于离子液体-分散液液微萃取技术在水样和食用油中酚类污染物的研究[D]. 广州: 广东药科大学, 2021.
|
| [56] |
罗树生, 林里, 王晓玮, 等.衍生化分散液液微萃取与气相色谱-质谱联用测定水中的烷基酚[J]. 分析化学,2009,37(增刊2):267-268. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0253-3820.2009.z1.572
|
| [57] |
WANG X Y, DENG C H. Preparation of C18-functionalized magnetic polydopamine microspheres for the enrichment and analysis of alkylphenols in water samples[J]. Talanta,2016,148:387-392. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.11.008
|
| [58] |
朱菲菲, 秦普丰, 张娟, 等.我国地下水环境优先控制有机污染物的筛选[J]. 环境工程技术学报,2013,3(5):443-450. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2013.05.069
ZHU F F, QIN P F, ZHANG J, et al. Screening of priority organic pollutants in groundwater of China[J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology,2013,3(5):443-450. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2013.05.069
|
| [59] |
张倬玮, 于茵, 吴昌永, 等.二(2-乙基己基)己二酸酯检测方法研究进展[J]. 环境工程技术学报,2021,11(5):951-961. doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20200248
ZHANG Z W, YU Y, WU C Y, et al. Research progress of the detection methods of di(2-ethyl hexyl) adipate[J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology,2021,11(5):951-961. doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20200248
|
| [60] |
徐荣, 范凯.饮用水标准增加内分泌干扰物指标的探讨[J]. 供水技术,2015,9(1):32-38. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-9353.2015.01.008
XU R, FAN K. Discussion on the addition of endocrine disruptor indexes in drinking water standard[J]. Water Technology,2015,9(1):32-38. ◇ doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-9353.2015.01.008
|
Copyright © Editorial Department of Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology
Supported by: Beijing Renhe Information Technology Co., Ltd.
DownLoad: