Experience, implications and future policy development directions for the elimination of aging vehicles in Beijing, China
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摘要:
梳理2011年以来北京市老旧汽车淘汰相关政策和控制措施，采用排放因子法核算机动车污染减排量和环境效益，分析了政策作用效果。结合当前北京市机动车污染排放状况，以及空气质量改善和碳减排需要，提出未来老旧汽车淘汰政策发展方向。结果表明：通过实施北京市老旧汽车淘汰政策，加速了北京市机动车车辆结构调整和优化，在机动车数量持续增加的情况下实现了其大气污染物排放量的减少，取得良好的环境效益。老旧汽车淘汰和补贴政策能够根据机动车结构和排放变化情况，设置差异化和细分的补贴力度，不断提高政策的导向性和精准度。面向未来政策方向，应进一步加强基于不同车型排放差异的更新方案的制定，面向重点用车单位，结合北京市重点碳排放单位管理，推进车辆结构调整和新能源化发展，从而实现机动车二氧化碳和大气污染物协同控制的目标。
Abstract:By sorting out the relevant policies and control measures for the elimination of old vehicles in Beijing since 2011, the emission factor method was used to calculate the emission reduction and environmental benefits of motor vehicle pollution, the role of the policies was analyzed. Combined with the current emission situation of motor vehicle pollution in Beijing, as well as the needs of air quality improvement and carbon emission reduction, the development directions of the policies for the elimination of old vehicles in the future were put forward. The results showed that the implementation of the elimination policies of aging vehicles in Beijing had accelerated the adjustment and optimization of Beijing's motor vehicle structure, the reduction of air pollutant emissions was achieved even with the continuous increasing number of motor vehicles, and good environmental benefits had been achieved. Based on the variation of motor vehicles structure and emissions, the elimination and subsidy policies of aging vehicles could set differentiated and subdivided subsidies to continuously improve the directions and accuracy of the policies. For the future policy directions, it was necessary to further strengthen the formulation of renewal plans based on the emission differences of different vehicle models. For the key vehicle units, it was useful to promote the adjustment of motor vehicle structure and the development of new energy in combination with the management of key carbon emission units in Beijing. On the basis of these policies, the coordinated control of carbon dioxide and air pollutants emitted from vehicles would be achieved.
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Key words:
- aging vehicle /
- air pollution /
- environmental benefits /
- air quality /
- policy implication
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图 1 2011—2020年北京市机动车数量变化
Figure 1. Population variation of motor vehicles in Beijing from 2011 to 2020
图 2 2011—2020年北京市汽油车车辆结构变化
Figure 2. Variation of gasoline vehicle structure in Beijing from 2011 to 2020
图 3 2011—2020年北京市机动车NOx和VOCs排放量变化
Figure 3. Variation of NOx and VOCs emissions of motor vehicles in Beijing from 2011 to 2020
图 4 2011—2017年北京市淘汰补助车数量和污染物减排量
Figure 4. Elimination number of motor vehicle and pollutant emission reductions in Beijing from 2011 to 2017
表 1 2011年以来北京市老旧汽车淘汰更新方案
Table 1. Elimination and renewal policies for aging vehicles in Beijing since 2011
年份 政策文件 对象 时限 补助标准 2011 《关于进一步促进本市老旧
机动车淘汰更新方案》指使用6年及以上且未达到现行国家第四阶段排放标准的载客汽车、载货汽车和专项作业车（不含黄标车） 2011年8月1日—
2012年12月31日报废或转出最高为
0.25万~1.65万元2012 《关于进一步促进本市老旧机动车淘汰更新方案
(2013—2014年)》指使用6年及以上的载客汽车、载货汽车和专项作业车（不含黄标车） 2013年1月1日—
2014年12月31日报废或转出最高为
0.25万~1.65万元2015 《北京市进一步促进老旧机动车淘汰更新方案
(2015—2016年)》登记注册使用6年及以上的载客汽车、载货汽车和专项作业车（不含出租汽车、摩托车、低速载货汽车、黄标车） 2015年1月1日—
2016年12月31日报废最高为0.3万~2.15万元 2016 《北京市促进高排放老旧
机动车淘汰更新方案》指在本市登记注册的国一和国二排放标准轻型汽油车（燃料种类为汽油的小型、微型客车及轻型、微型货车） 2016年12月1日—
2017年12月31日报废最高为0.3万~1.2万元 2017 《北京市促进高排放老旧
柴油货运车淘汰方案》2013年7月1日(不含)以前在本市注册登记的柴油货运车(包括轻型载货柴油车、中型载货柴油车和重型载货、重型牵引柴油车，不含黄标车) 2017年9月21日—
2019年10月31日报废最高为0.42万~10万元，转出减半 2020 《北京市进一步促进高排放老旧机动车淘汰更新方案
(2020—2021年)》本市登记注册的国三排放标准汽油载客
汽车和汽油载货汽车2020年4月1日—
2021年12月31日报废最高为0.4万~2.2万元，
转出减半
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