水中微塑料来源、生态毒理效应及处理技术研究进展

王成; 李哲; 魏健; 钱锋; 宋永会

doi:10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20221121

水中微塑料来源、生态毒理效应及处理技术研究进展

doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20221121

王成^{1, 2,},
李哲^{1, 2},
魏健²,
钱锋²,
宋永会^{1, 2, ,}

1.
辽宁大学环境学院
2.
中国环境科学研究院水生态环境研究所

基金项目: 国家自然科学青年科学基金项目（42107440）；国家重点研发计划项目（2021YFC3201500）

详细信息

作者简介:
王成(1987—)，男，副研究员，主要从事环境纳米修复材料研究，wang.cheng@craes.org.cn

通讯作者:
宋永会（1967—），男，研究员，博士，主要从事水污染控制与流域治理技术研究，songyh@craes.org.cn

中图分类号: X52,X826
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-11-09

Research progress on sources, ecotoxicological effect and treatment technology of microplastics in water

WANG Cheng^{1, 2
,},
LI Zhe^{1, 2},
WEI Jian²,
QIAN Feng²,
SONG Yonghui^{1, 2
, ,}

1.
College of Environmental Sciences, Liaoning University
2.
Institute of Water Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences

摘要

摘要:
微塑料作为目前被广泛关注的新污染物之一，近年来在世界各地水环境中被频繁检出。微塑料不仅具有体积小、难降解、持久性等特点，而且可作为有毒金属、微生物、农药等污染物的载体，进一步增强它们的危害潜力。全面了解微塑料的来源和处理途径是确定微塑料污染控制关键问题以及实现对其有效管理的先决条件。回顾了国内外水环境中微塑料污染研究进展，梳理分析了水环境中微塑料的分类及来源，详细阐述了微塑料分离提取、定性定量检测方法，系统总结了微塑料对典型水生生物的单一影响以及微塑料与相关污染物对水生生物的复合影响；结合现有水污染控制技术，归纳了水中微塑料去除方法的优缺点，包括吸附、过滤、混凝沉淀、光催化、电絮凝、生物降解、膜生物反应器以及活性污泥法等技术。相关研究可为水环境中微塑料的去除与污染控制提供参考。
- 微塑料 /
- 新污染物 /
- 检测分析 /
- 毒理效应 /
- 处理技术
Abstract:
Microplastics, as one of new pollutants that are widely concerned internationally, have been frequently detected in water environment around the world in recent years. Microplastics not only have the characteristics of small size, difficult degradation and durability, but also can act as carriers of toxic metals, microorganisms and pesticides and other pollutants to further enhance their hazard potentials. A comprehensive understanding of the sources and treatment approaches of microplastics is a prerequisite for identifying critical issues and their effective management. The latest progress of research on microplastic pollution in water environment at home and abroad was reviewed, the classification and sources of microplastics were analyzed, the methods of separation and extraction of microplastics, qualitative and quantitative detection were expounded, and the single effects of microplastics on typical aquatic organisms and the composite effects of microplastics and related pollutants on aquatic organisms were systematically summarized. Combined with the existing water pollution control technology, the advantages and disadvantages of microplastic removal methods, including adsorption, filtration, coagulation precipitation, photocatalysis, electric flocculation, biodegradation, membrane bioreactor and activated sludge process, were summarized. It was expected to provide reference for the removal and pollution control of microplastics in water environment.
- microplastics /
- emerging contaminants /
- detection and analysis /
- toxicological effect /
- treatment technology

HTML全文

图 1 水中微塑料污染的主要来源

Figure 1. Major sources of microplastics pollution in water

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图 2 微塑料光催化降解一般机理

Figure 2. General mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of microplastics

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图 3 电絮凝法去除水中微塑料的机理

Figure 3. Mechanism of removal of microplastics in water by electrocoagulation

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图 4 生物降解微塑料相关机理

Figure 4. Mechanism of biodegradation of microplastics

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表 1 微塑料鉴定方法及优缺点

Table 1. Advantages and disadvantages of identification methods of microplastics

鉴定方法		适用的粒径	优点	局限性
物理表征	显微镜计数^[32]	可分析大于1 mm的较大颗粒	可快速鉴定，单位样品耗时短、成本低	无法确定样品的性质，需要与其他鉴定方法结合使用
物理表征	标记方法^[28]	可分析大于1 μm的颗粒，使用体视显微镜	方法简单，可快速筛选微塑料	颜料会污染其他颗粒，如有机碎片可能会被染料染色，导致微塑料丰度偏高
化学表征	傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）^[33-34]	可分析大于500 μm的颗粒，通过显微镜耦合可分析低至20 μm的较小颗粒	操作简单，无损检测；可快速、准确识别微塑料的聚合物类型	实际样品制备过程复杂、耗时；易受添加剂或污染物的干扰；样品必须是红外活性的
	拉曼光谱（Raman）^[35-36]	可分析大于1 μm的颗粒，通过显微镜耦合	无损鉴定；可获得表面官能团的信息；具有较高空间分辨率；可分析不透明的颗粒	设备昂贵；易受样品中的生物残留物等污染物干扰
	扫描电镜能谱仪（SEM-EDS）^[37]	可分析μm级颗粒	具有较高的分辨率；可识别无机杂质	存在电荷效应，需要特殊涂层处理；成本较高；对样品具有破坏性
	热解气相色谱-质谱联用（Pyr-GC-MS）^[38]	适用于大于500 μm的颗粒	样品无需预处理；样品用量小；无需加入其他溶剂，可避免背景污染样品	对样品具有破坏性；不适用于杂质浓度较高的混合物；热解数据库仅包含特定的聚合物〔如聚乙烯 (PE)、聚丙烯 (PP)〕信息
	液相色谱法^[39]	需要足够的样品量（大于1 mg）	所选聚合物的回收率很高	无法确定物理特性（例如粒径信息）以及聚合物类型；每次运行只能评估少量样品；只能鉴定特定的聚合物（如PS、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯）

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表 2 微塑料去除技术优缺点

Table 2. Advantages and disadvantages of removal technologies of microplastics

微塑料去除技术		优点	缺点
物理技术	吸附^[59-60]	可重复使用性高，成本低，操作简单，无有毒化学品，可处理粒径1~5 μm的微塑料	选择性低，吸附剂制备复杂
物理技术	过滤^[61]	操作简单，可快速处理粒径范围广的微塑料	容易造成设备堵塞和膜污染，效率低
化学技术	混凝沉淀^[62-63]	快速、低能耗、操作简单，适合处理粒径10 μm以上的微塑料	对密度小、粒径小的微塑料去除率不高；混凝剂需求量大，产泥量多
	光催化^[64-66]	反应速度快，处理效率高，适合处理nm级的微塑料	成本高，需要较长时间才能达到较高的去除率；尚在工业层面进行探索
	电絮凝^[67-68]	无二次污染，污泥量小；节能高效，性价比高；可自动化操作	需要定期更换阳极，且阴极容易钝化
生物技术	膜生物反应器^[69-70]	操作简单，处理效率高，容积大	膜易损坏和堵塞；需要定期清洗，减少膜污染
	微生物降解^[71-72]	处理效率高，运行成本低，无二次污染	需要通过光、热和化学氧化剂对微塑料进行预处理；处理程序复杂，耗时较长
	活性污泥^[73-74]	绿色环保，去除率可达60%以上	易受到温度等外界条件干扰；污泥处理复杂，需要较长的处理时间

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