微塑料对土壤生态系统的影响及其修复技术

李信茹; 董翠敏; 石峰; 周民; 米屹东; 苏海磊; 刘雪松; 王凡凡; 魏源

doi:10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20230425

微塑料对土壤生态系统的影响及其修复技术

doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20230425

李信茹^{1, 2,},
董翠敏²,
石峰³,
周民²,
米屹东^{2, 4},
苏海磊²,
刘雪松²,
王凡凡^2, ,,
魏源^2, ,

1.
同济大学环境科学与工程学院
2.
环境基准与风险评估国家重点实验室，中国环境科学研究院
3.
国家科技评估中心
4.
河海大学环境学院

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(41977294)；国家重点研发计划项目（2021YFC3201001）

详细信息

作者简介:
李信茹（1996—），女，博士，主要研究方向为新污染物环境行为，18813145607@163.com

通讯作者:
王凡凡（1984—），女，副研究员，博士，主要研究方向为新污染物环境行为，wang.fanfan@craes.org.cn

魏源（1983—），男，研究员，博士，主要研究方向为新污染物环境行为，wei.yuan@craes.org.cn

中图分类号: X53
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-06-01
- 录用日期: 2024-03-01
- 修回日期: 2024-02-02

Effects of microplastics on soil ecosystems and remediation technologies

LI Xinru^{1, 2
,},
DONG Cuimin²,
SHI Feng³,
ZHOU Min²,
MI Yidong^{2, 4},
SU Hailei²,
LIU Xuesong²,
WANG Fanfan^{2
, ,},
WEI Yuan^{2
, ,}

1.
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University
2.
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences
3.
National Center for Science & Technology Evaluation
4.
College of Environment, Hohai University

摘要

摘要:
由于农膜破碎、污水灌溉等活动，土壤中的微塑料含量与丰度正逐渐超越海洋，并成为土壤的主要污染源之一。土壤生物能吸收土壤微塑料，其中粮食作物中的微塑料能通过食物链进入人体，造成人体微塑料暴露风险，此外，土壤微塑料也会直接对土壤产生毒性。概述了微塑料在土壤生态系统中的来源、迁移等环境行为，重点综述了微塑料对土壤生态系统的影响。结果表明：1）微塑料能通过土壤颗粒间的空隙、植物侧根裂缝及动物运动等在土壤环境系统中迁移转运；2）微塑料能影响土壤物理化学性质、植物生长发育、动物行为和微生物多样性；3）微生物和酶能降解土壤环境中的微塑料，并直接减少土壤系统中的微塑料，而生物炭可以减轻微塑料对土壤生态系统的毒性，三者均为土壤微塑料修复技术的潜在选择。最后，提出了土壤微塑料未来可能的研究方向，以期为土壤微塑料的污染防治提供指导。
- 微塑料污染 /
- 土壤 /
- 植物 /
- 动物 /
- 微生物
Abstract:
Due to agricultural film fragmentation, sewage irrigation and other anthropogenic activities, the content and abundance of microplastics in soil are gradually surpassing those in the ocean, and becoming one of the main pollution sources of soil. Soil organisms can absorb soil microplastics, among which microplastics in food crops can enter the human body through the food chain, causing the risk of human microplastic exposure. In addition, soil microplastics can also directly cause toxicity to soil. The sources, migration and other environmental behavior of microplastics in soil ecosystem were summarized, and the impact of microplastics on soil ecosystem was emphasized. The results mainly include the following aspects: (1) Microplastics can migrate and transport in the soil environmental system through the space between soil particles, the root cracks of plants and the movement of animals. (2) Microplastics can affect soil physical and chemical properties, plant growth and development, animal behavior and microbial diversity. (3) Microorganisms and enzymes can degrade microplastics in the soil environment and directly reduce microplastics in the soil system, while biochar can reduce the toxicity of microplastics to the soil ecosystem. All three are potential options for soil microplastics remediation technologies. Finally, the possible research direction of soil microplastics in the future was proposed, in order to provide guidance for the pollution control of soil microplastics.
- microplastics pollution /
- soil /
- plants /
- animals /
- microorganisms

HTML全文

图 1 微塑料在土壤生态系统中的主要行为

Figure 1. Main behaviors of microplastics in soil ecosystems

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 土壤微塑料对植物生长的影响

Figure 2. Effects of microplastics in soil on growth of plants

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 微塑料对土壤物理性质的影响

Table 1. Effects of microplastics on soil physical properties

种类	浓度/%	土壤基质	处理时间	结果	数据来源
PP、HDPE、PA、PES	PA、HDPE均为梯度浓度，0.05、0.10、0.20、0.40；PP、PES均为梯度浓度，0.25、0.50、1.00、2.00	壤土	35 d	所有微塑料均影响土壤容重，PES增加土壤持水能力	文献[39]
合成纤维、HDPE、PLA	合成纤维为0.001； HDPE和PLA均为0.1	砂质黏壤土	30 d	当暴露于HDPE时，土壤的pH显著低于暴露于其他处理时。对照处理的土壤平均质量直径分别比添加纤维、HDPE和PLA的土壤大24%、35%和28%。对照土壤大于2 000 µm的大团聚体数量分别比HDPE和PLA土壤大60%和53%。相反，与对照土壤相比，暴露于微塑料的土壤中63~250 µm的微团聚体数量明显更高	文献[40]
PES	PES为梯度浓度，0.01、0.3	黏壤土	1 a	土壤容重、土壤团聚体粒径分布和饱和导水率均无显著变化。0.3%浓度PES处理的土壤中30 μm的孔隙显著增加	文献[41]
PES、HDPE、PP、PS、PET	PES为0.2；HDPE、PS、PP、PET均为2	壤土	2个月	HDPE、PES、PET、PP和PS降低了土壤容重；PA、PES和PS显著减少水稳定性团聚体；所有的微塑料均改变土壤结构，其影响程度各不相同	文献[36]
注：PP（polypropylene）为聚丙烯；HDPE（high density polyethylene）为高密度聚乙烯；PA（polyamide）为聚酰胺；PES（polyester）为聚酯；PLA（polylactic acid）为聚乳酸；PS（polystyrene）为聚苯乙烯；PET（polyethylene terephthalate）为聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯。

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表 2 植物对微塑料的吸收

Table 2. Absorption of microplastics in plants

微塑料	培养条件	微塑料信息				植物	吸收情况		数据来源
微塑料	培养条件	携带荧光与否	官能团修饰	粒径/μm	浓度/（mg/kg）	植物	地下部	地上部	数据来源
PS	水培	+	COOHNH₂-F	0.2	50、100	拟南芥	√	NM	文献[45]
		－	－	0.05	10、100、1 000	洋葱	√	NM	文献[46]
		－	－	0.1~1、5	10、20	胡萝卜	√	√（但未观察到5 μm的微塑料）	文献[28]
		+	－	0.1	100	蚕豆	√	NM	文献[47]
		+	－	0.1、0.3、0.5、0.7	50	黄瓜	√	√（茎/叶片/花/果实）	文献[32]
		+	－	0.2	50	生菜	√	√	文献[48]
		+	－	0.2、2	50	生菜/小麦	√	√	文献[4]
		+	－	0.1	0.01、0.1、1、10	小麦	√	√	文献[49]
		+	－	0.1	1、10	生菜/萝卜	√	×	文献[50]
		+	羧基	0.1	0.1、1、10	水稻	√	×	文献[51]
		+	－	0.08、1	40	水稻	√	√	文献[52]
		+	－	0.098	0.16、0.8、4、20、100	水蕨	√	NM	文献[53]
		－	－	0.05	100、1 000	水稻	√	√	文献[54]
		－	铕（Eu）	0.2	0.02~500	生菜/小麦	√	√	文献[55]
		－	－	0.2	25	白菜	√	√	文献[56]
	土培	+	羧基	28^1）	10、100	绿豆	NM	√	文献[57]
		+	－	0.2	500	小麦	√	×	文献[4]
		+	－	0.2	500	小麦	√	√	文献[48]
		－	铕（Eu）	0.2	1、10	生菜	√	√	文献[55]
		+	－	0.02	20、40	豌豆	√	√	文献[58]
PMMA	水培	+	－	0.096 75±0.058	2 000	大麦	√	×	文献[59]
注：+表示有该种处理；－表示无该种处理；√表示已观察到微塑料吸收；×表示未观察到微塑料吸收；NM表示未进行微塑料吸收情况观察。PS为聚苯乙烯；PMMA为聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯。1）单位为nm。

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