环境工程技术学报

2017 Vol.7, No.2

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Progress in research on lake nutrient criteria

HUO Shouliang, MA Chunzi, XI Beidou, HE Zhuoshi

2017, 7(2): 125-133. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2017.02.019

Abstract(1523) PDF(1062KB)(929)

Abstract:
Lake nutrient criteria provide science foundation and important tools for the comprehensive evaluation, prevention, control and management of lake eutrophication. The latest research progress of lake nutrient criteria was discussed, and the advantages, disadvantages and applicability of the different methods, such as statistical analysis, stressor-response model, model extrapolation and paleolimnology, analyzed. The development tendencies and the challenges of determining nutrient criteria were discussed. Reference lakes can reflect the original state of lakes, but reference sites were unavailable. The model extrapolation required sufficient data to identify the appropriate equations for characterizing a waterbody or group of waterbodies, which enhanced the difficulty of nutrient criteria setting. The stressor-response model would become the development direction of nutrient criteria, and the mechanism of stressor-response model should be further studied. On the basis of research on the relationships between water ecological criteria and eutrophication, and the response of nutrient criteria to plankton and to special sensitive species, the establishment of nutrient criteria should be closely integrated with the requirements of lake management.

The influence of water temperature on phytoplankton community succession and diversity in Three Gorges Reservoir

ZHANG Huan, ZHANG Jialei, LIU Defu, LIU Xuan, GONG D

2017, 7(2): 134-139. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2017.02.020

Abstract(1446) PDF(1650KB)(952)

Abstract:
Based on long-term monitoring of phytoplankton biomass and species in Three Gorges Reservoir, it was found that the water temperature was the key element to influence the succession of phytoplankton in Three Gorges Reservoir. In order to verify whether the water temperature is the key elements of the succession of phytoplankton in the reservoir, the interior control experiment was designed, and the relationship between the water temperature and phytoplankton biomass and community structure was analyzed. The results show that the water temperature is the key element affecting phytoplankton biomass and community structure (diversity). Under the water temperature of 16-25 ℃, phytoplankton biomass increases with the rising of water temperature; under 25-40 ℃, phytoplankton biomass decreases with the increase of water temperature; under 23-25 ℃, the maximum phytoplankton biomass and the largest community diversity of phytoplankton can be achieved.

Partition coefficients of bisphenol A and 17β-estradiol onto sediment measured by batch experiment and field-based determination

TIAN Jiaying, TAN Ruijie, LIU Yuying, LIU Ruixia

2017, 7(2): 140-145. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2017.02.021

Abstract(1386) PDF(1020KB)(913)

Abstract:
The partition coefficient (K_d) and organic carbon normalized partition coefficient (K_oc) of bisphenol A (BPA) and 17β-estradiol (E2) between the sediments and water were calculated based on the concentration of BPA and E2 in the natural riverine water. Batch experiments with field-measured concentration levels were performed to investigate distribution behavior of BPA and E2 in the sediment-water interface. The results showed that lg K_d(1.40) and lg K_oc(3.51) of BPA derived from batch experiments were in the range of lg K_d(1.63-2.84) and lg K_oc(2.66-4.66) obtained from field-based measurement in natural aquatic environment. The lg K_d(1.10) and lg K_oc(3.51) values of E2 originated from batch experiments were lower than those from field-based measurement, indicating that the results from batch experiments could not properly describe distribution behavior of E2 in the natural environment to some extent. Organic matter in sediment had a positive correlation with sorption capacity of BPA onto sediment, whereas insignificant impact on sorption behavior of E2.

Effects of temperature on purification of polluted river water by VFW-DP systems

YAN Bingfei, PENG Jianfeng, CHENG Jianguang, SONG Yonghui, LI Bin

2017, 7(2): 146-151. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2017.02.022

Abstract(1431) PDF(2086KB)(826)

Abstract:
The combined process of vertical flow constructed wetland-detention pond (VFW-DP) was constructed to treat simulated contaminated river water. The effect of temperature on COD_Crand nutrient removal and influent modes were investigated. The results indicated that the combined process of VFW-DP can effectively remove COD_Cr, $NH_{4}^{+}$-N and TP, and the average removal rate of COD_Cr, $NH_{4}^{+}$-N and TP are higher than 47.9%, 60.0% and 27.5%, respectively. At initial operating stage (medium temperature period), the removal rate of downward vertical flow constructed wetland-detention pond (DVFW-DP) for COD_Cr, $NH_{4}^{+}$-N and TP are 61.7%, 77.1% and 19.9%, respectively, and the removal rate of upward vertical flow constructed wetland-detention pond (UVFW-DP) are 29.5%, 53.5% and 35.9%, respectively, thus the down-flow influent mode is more beneficial to removal pollutants. Temperature can significantly affect the removal of pollutants; at high temperature period, the effect of pollutants removal is significantly better than that at medium temperature and low temperature period.

Distribution of phosphorus and estimation of diffusion flux in the Qixinghu wetland

ZHONG Xin, TIAN Yonglan, ZHONG Meifang, ZHANG Huayong

2017, 7(2): 152-160. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2017.02.023

Abstract(1557) PDF(2924KB)(765)

Abstract:
To study the distribution and migration of phosphorus in the Qixinghu wetland in Tengzhou City of Shangdong Province, the samples of overlying water and sediment of Qixinghu wetland were collected, the distribution characteristics of total phosphorus(TP), total dissolved phosphorus(TDP), solubility reactive phosphorus(SRP) and particulate phosphorus(PP) analyzed, and the relationship of P in overlying water and pore water of sediment studied. The results showed that, TP concentrations in overlying water of open water area were stable along with the flow direction (0.05-0.06 mg/L), declined in overlying water of reed community area (0.04-0.09 mg/L) and fluctuated in overlying water of cattail community area (0.02-0.09 mg/L). All measured phosphorus fractionations (TP, TDP, SRP and PP) in pore water of sediment of open water area were higher than those of plant communities, indicating that plants played an important role in the absorption and transformation of phosphorus in sediments. Phosphorus contents in aerial organs of macrophytes were significantly higher than the underground part. After settlement of phosphorus in three years, the content of TP in sediments increased by 42.2% in the wetland. The diffusion flux across sediment-water interface of TDP and SRP were positive, suggesting that phosphorus diffuses from sediment to overlying water. Moreover, diffusion fluxes of open water were higher than those of the plant communities. As indicated by the various forms of phosphorus correlation of pore water and overlying water, the phosphorus of pore water mainly diffuses into the overlying water by TDP and SRP.

A study of spatial and temporal water quality variation in Liangzi Lake

WANG Hong, YAO Junlan, KUNG Hsiang-te, LI Zhaohua, LI Yanqiang, MEI Xin, CHEN Hongbing

2017, 7(2): 161-167. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2017.02.024

Abstract(1408) PDF(2721KB)(760)

Abstract:
Liangzi Lake is the second largest fresh water lake in Hubei Province. It is of important significance to understand the temporal and spatial variation of the lake water quality for construction of Liangzi Lake and neighboring cities. The sampling data of water quality during spring, summer, autumn and winter were studied, and the geostatistical analysis used to analyze the temporal and spatial characteristics of water quality factors, including total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), ammonia nitrogen ($NH_{4}^{+}$-N) and permanganate index (COD_Mn). The results showed that the TN concentrations in water in winter were higher than the spring, with higher values in north area. The overall annual variation of TP was small, decreasing from east to west. The $NH_{4}^{+}$-N was higher in winter compared with summer, decreasing from east to west, and in individual regions the concentration was higher in winter than in autumn. The COD_Mn was generally low in spring and winter and higher the summer and the autumn, mainly in the middle of the western and eastern lake. Therefore, temporally the water quality in winter and spring was better than summer and autumn, and spatially the water quality was better in the center of lake but worse in the east estuary of the lake and the lake inlets.

Study on denitrification performance using calcium hydroxide pretreated straw as solid carbon source

MA Yuxia, TAN Leilei, SHEN Zhiqiang, ZHOU Yuexi, CHEN Xuemin, FU Xiaoyong, TANG Hanying

2017, 7(2): 168-174. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2017.02.025

Abstract(1576) PDF(3240KB)(890)

Abstract:
Four typical agricultural straws (rice straw, wheat straw, corn straw and sorghum straw) were pretreated by calcium hydroxide, and the effects of pretreated time and solid-to-liquid ratio on enzymatic hydrolysis of straws studied. The denitrification performance was investigated in pretreated straws supported denitrification systems. The results indicated that the higher sugar production was received of calcium hydroxide pretreated straws comparing with raw straws and water pretreated straws. For pretreatment of straws by calcium hydroxide, the optimal pretreatment time was 3 d, and the best solid-to-liquid ratio was 1∶30. The denitrification rates of pretreated rice straw, wheat straw, corn straw and sorghum straw were 0.074, 0.056, 0.055 and 0.077 mg/(g·h), which account for 211%, 215%, 239% and 197% of the raw straws, respectively.

Influential factors of nitrogen removal efficiency by the integrated vertical-flow and horizontal-flow constructed wetlands

XIA Yanyang, CUI Lihua

2017, 7(2): 175-180. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2017.02.026

Abstract(1425) PDF(1302KB)(1003)

Abstract:
Influential factors of ammonia nitrogen($NH_{4}^{+}$-N) and total nitrogen(TN) removal efficiency by the integrated vertical-horizontal flow wetlands mainly include hydraulic loading rate, dissolved oxygen, plant and season, etc. The research results showed that the removal efficiency of TN and $NH_{4}^{+}$-N by the constructed wetland under high, mid and low-loads hydraulic loading rate were 58.28%, 61.71%, 63.94%, and 71.71%, 59.74%, 68.37%, respectively. Removal efficiency of $NH_{4}^{+}$-N and TN under well-oxygenated conditions were obviously improved from 40%-50% to 80% and 30% to 70%, respectively. Despite the 3%-4% higher removal of $NH_{4}^{+}$-N and TN from the influent sewage in the system vegetated with plants, no significant differences in performance were observed between units with or without plants (P>0.05). $NH_{4}^{+}$-N removal efficiency in summer and autumn was significantly higher than spring and winter at different retention time (P<0.05). TN removal efficiency in the wetland system was also remarkably different in different seasons (P<0.05), which reached the highest value in summer(86.62%) and the lowest value in spring(about 30%-40%). The temperature and dissolved oxygen were the most important limiting factors for $NH_{4}^{+}$-N and TN removal in the integrated vertical-horizontal flow constructed wetland.

Study on copper removal from berberine wastewater using ion exchange resin

CUI Xiaoyu, HE Xuwen, SHAN Yongping, ZENG Ping, LIU Ruixia, SUN Chen

2017, 7(2): 181-187. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2017.02.027

Abstract(1688) PDF(2457KB)(1029)

Abstract:
Ion exchange resins (D152, D113, D401) were applied to the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater containing copper ions and berberine. The D401 was selected as optimal polymeric adsorbent based on the comparison of copper and berberine adsorption removal rates. In addition, the adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics were analyzed, and the Cu ²⁺ removal efficiency of competitive adsorption process within berberine-copper system was investigated. Flowing experiments were carried out at 1 BV/h, 2 BV/h and 5 BV/h flow velocity to investigate the effluent copper and berberine concentrations under the dosage of 1-20 BV. The results showed that adsorption ratio of D401 resin increased with temperature rising and declined with increasing resin dosage. The resin exhibited distinct selectivity of Cu ²⁺ from berberine-copper system in a broad pH range. The best adsorption condition achieved 39.87 mg/g at pH of 5.0. The adsorption process could be described by Langmuir model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Flowing experiments showed that the 1 BV/h was the best condition. The removal of Cu ²⁺ obtained better results under this flow velocity and the adsorption of berberine was not obviously at three flow velocities. The result verified that the D401 resin has a good selectivity for Cu ²⁺ adsorption.

Adsorption of cationic dye from aqueous solution by thiol-modified Spartina alterniflora

FANG Caixia, LI Fangfang, JIA Jing, WANG Bin

2017, 7(2): 188-193. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2017.02.028

Abstract(1458) PDF(1492KB)(867)

Abstract:
Thiol-modified Spartina alterniflora (TMSA) was prepared via esterification with mercapto-acetic acid. Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) was applied and confirmed that thiol groups were anchored onto the surface of Spartina alterniflora (SA). The TMSA was applied in the adsorption of cationic dye (methyl violet and methylene blue) in the synthetic wastewater. The results showed that the adsorption capacity decreased with the increase of the dosage of the adsorbent, and the proper pH value was around 8. Equilibrium sorption capacity increased with increasing the initial dye concentration or solution temperature (10-30 ℃). The adsorption kinetic data fit well with the pseudo-second-order model. The Langmuir isotherm model was found to fit well with the adsorption process.

Research progress of treatment of rural wastewater by bio-trickling filter

LIU Xueni, HE Liansheng, JIANG Dengling, YUAN Zhen, YANG Zhaohua, MENG Rui, JIANG Jinyuan

2017, 7(2): 194-200. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2017.02.029

Abstract(1483) PDF(849KB)(916)

Abstract:
Biological trickling filter (BTF) has the disadvantages of low removal efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus, easy clogging of the filter, and bad smells. In order to achieve the effluent standards and improve the operational efficiency for different wastewater quality in rural areas, improvement researches have been made by domestic and foreign scholars. The structure of BTF can be improved by reducing the filter influent organic concentration, increasing the oxygen content, and removing nitrogen and phosphorus in different stages, etc. Water distribution can be improved by reducing the volume of water droplets, distributing water uniformly, and raising the water distribution height suitably. Different sorts of filter materials can be combined to have complementary advantages according to the characteristics of the wastewater. Through combining artificial inoculation film-forming with natural biofilm, biofilm can be adopted in the shorter time. Increase of the reflux ratio can improve the removal efficiency, with optimum reflux ratio is 60%-80%. The continuous improvement of the BFT makes it more advantageous in the treatment of wastewater in the rural areas.

Effect of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles on anaerobic biogas production

JIA Tongtong, WANG Zaizhao, GENG Fenghua, GONG Lei

2017, 7(2): 201-208. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2017.02.030

Abstract(1713) PDF(2575KB)(563)

Abstract:
Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles was made by coprecipitation, and characterized for scanning electron microscope (SEM). The effect of different concentration of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles on volume gas production and CH₄ ratio during the anaerobic digestion process at the medium temperature of 35 ℃ was examined. The results showed that Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles of 100 mg/L maintained ammonia at the level of 600-1 200 mg/L, pH at 7-8, and improved TCOD_Cr and SCOD_Cr degradation rates by 8.35% and 9.90%, respectively. This amount of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles produced maximum concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFAs), which can reach 4 300 mg/L, and strengthened the use of acetic acid. Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles of 100 mg/L improved the biogas production. Compared with the control group, the system increased the gas production by 28.08%, decreased the gas production cycles by two days and increased the methane content by 6%.

Construction and application of index system of ecological environment carrying capacity of urban land resources: a case study of Beijing

ZHANG Xingfang, WANG Wenjing, LUO Hong, LÜ Lianhong

2017, 7(2): 209-215. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2017.02.031

Abstract(1535) PDF(1809KB)(1472)

Abstract:
According to the DPSIR model, the index system of the ecological environment carrying capacity of urban land resources was constructed. The system integrates ecological environment and the population, economy, social development, management and other elements into a unified analysis framework through structural design of indicators, and fully considers the close relationship among all the above elements. Taken Beijing for case study, the changing trend of the relevant indicators of the ecological environment carrying capacity of land resources was analyzed based on the data from 2011 to 2014. The results showed that the two driving force indicators, i.e. population growth and economic growth, had been rising steadily, which had led to increasing pressure on land resources year by year in Beijing. The pressure from urban construction land use had been increasing, and the pressure from residential land use was the most significant. As can be seen from the responses indicators and state indicators, the urban greening and ecological protection in Beijing had been strengthened a lot, but the impact indicators had no significant improvements at the moment and the problems such as air pollution and water resources scarcity were still not optimistic. Finally, policy recommendations were put forward on how to evaluate and improve the ecological environment carrying capacity of urban land resources.

An empirical study on development of regional circular economy based on eco-efficiency: a case study of Jiangsu Province

LIU Binglin, WANG Huan, HU Qing, ZHUANG Shengli, CHEN Huidong, ZHANG Chao

2017, 7(2): 216-224. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2017.02.032

Abstract(1355) PDF(1918KB)(1049)

Abstract:
Based on the theory of eco-efficiency, the empirical research on eco-efficiency and its change path of Jiangsu Province from 2005 to 2014 was conducted, and the relationship between the economic development and environmental pressure explored by using the decoupling analysis method. Finally, the gray relational method was used to diagnose the main factors of resource and environmental efficiency which affected the change of eco-efficiency in Jiangsu Province. It was found that from 2005 to 2014, the resource efficiency of all the indexes in Jiangsu Province fluctuated, and most of the environmental efficiency increased slightly. The integrated resource efficiency and environmental efficiency fluctuated, and the environmental efficiency fluctuated more than the integrated resource efficiency. In terms of the eco-efficiency and circular economy model, Jiangsu Province took a leap-based economic development model, and the decoupling status of economic development and environmental pressure was unstable, mainly including three kinds of state, i.e. the strong decoupling, weak decoupling and expansionary recoupling. The gray relational analysis showed that the comprehensive utilization of solid wastes, industrial electricity, living electricity, living energy, domestic sewage and solid waste were the significant contributors to the change of eco-efficiency.

Analysis and comparison of carbon flux contribution zones in urban ecological system based on Hsieh and Kljun models

GONG Yuan, ZHAO Min, YAO Xin, GUO Zhijuan, HE Yi, ZHANG Liping

2017, 7(2): 225-231. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2017.02.033

Abstract(1413) PDF(2046KB)(1014)

Abstract:
The carbon flux contribution zones (CFCZs) in the research area were analyzed by using related flux observation sites of eddy turbulence in Shanghai Fengxian University and basing on Hsieh and Kljun model. The result shows that with the increase of atmospheric stability, the scope of CFCZs in all wind directions has an increasing tendency. Under stable conditions, the scope of CFCZs in non-prevailing wind directions is larger than that in the prevailing wind direction, while under unstable state, there is no big difference in the carbon flux contribution scope in the two kinds of wind directions. In all wind directions and atmospheric stability, the CFCZs scope output by Hsieh model is different from that output by Kljun model but with no significant difference, and the CFCZs are like oval. In CFCZ lengths which are vertical to prevailing wind directions and non-prevailing wind direction, the output result by Hsieh model has no significant differences with that by Kljun model. There is a great difference in the locations of Hsieh’ and Kljun’s flux contribution peak numbers in all wind directions.

Analysis and countermeasures for supervision and management of heavy metal pollution prevention and control of lead smelting industry

BAI Lu, QIAO Qi, ZHONG Qindao, WAN Si

2017, 7(2): 232-241. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2017.02.034

Abstract(1518) PDF(928KB)(1074)

Abstract:
The lead smelting industry is one of the main sources of heavy metal pollution. The present supervision and management situations of the heavy metals produced by the industry were outlined and analyzed from three stages of source reduction, process control and end-of-pipe treatment, in order to realize heavy metal pollution prevention and control, and to promote the green development of the industry. Combined with current heavy metal pollution status of China, some problems were found in environmental protection of lead smelting industry, such as contradiction of policy management system, more of supervision and management emphases on final discharge than process control, execution of discharge permission system not in place, lack of scientific evidence on determination of environmental protection distance between enterprises and residential areas, lagging behind of environmental monitoring capacity, and insufficiency of environmental information disclosure, etc. Finally, corresponding countermeasures and suggestions were put forward for the heavy metal pollution prevention and control of lead smelting industry, including improving the consistency of the policy systems, highlighting the production process management in heavy metal pollution prevention and control, taking advantage of discharge permit policy to control heavy metals, defining a more scientific environment protection distance between enterprises and residential areas, and strengthening the monitoring capacity of heavy metals.

Study on revising Technical Specifications for Steam-based Centralized Treatment Engineering on Medical Waste (on trail)

LIU Shuangliu, ZHANG Zheng, LU Jing, LU Yuantang

2017, 7(2): 242-248. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2017.02.035

Abstract(1398) PDF(1000KB)(769)

Abstract:
By analyzing the context and the implementation problems of the Technical Specifications for Steam-based Centralized Treatment Engineering on Medical Waste (on trail), the key technical points for standard revision were discussed. Revision suggestions were put forward from process parameters, secondary pollution control and equipment and management aspects, e.g. the steam autoclave treatment process being classified into two categories based on the sequence of breaking and steam treatment; keeping technical parameters of sterilizing temperature and sterilizing time unchanged on the principle of guaranteeing bactericidal effect; optimizing B-D test frequency according to the actual market equipment performance and actual operation management; determining pollutant varieties and loads and recommending pollution treatment process and pollution control measures; adjusting the construction scale limitation and supplementing calculation method of medical waste production amount; removing the compression unit out of the principal project and weakening the description of disposal requirements of treated medical waste.

Determination of fluorine and chlorine in flue gas by ion chromatography

CAO Qing, ZHANG Yanping, TAN Yuling, LIU Yu, WANG Hongchang, WANG Xiangfeng, ZHANG Fan

2017, 7(2): 249-254. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2017.02.036

Abstract(1462) PDF(1478KB)(885)

Abstract:
The concentrations of fluorine and chlorine in flue gas of a glass furnace in Wuhan were determined by using experimental comparative method. The result shows that the sampling error of EPA Method 26A is lower. Through one sampling it can obtain multiple parameter data such as gaseous fluorine, gaseous chlorine, hydrogen chloride, halogen, etc. with the advantages of saving time and human resources. The chromatographic conditions for analyzing flue gas absorption are optimized. The KOH concentration of EG40 eluent automatic generator is set at 30 mmol/L, with the eluent flow rate of 1.2 mL/min and the injection volume of 25 μL. The method could fully meet the testing requirements of F ^-, Cl ^- for flue gas absorbent for its high precision with the relative standard deviation RSD less than 3.0% and good accuracy with sample average recovery rate of 96.7%-104.3%.

2017 Vol. 7, No. 2

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