Abstract: Focusing on the Chao River and Baimaguan River located upstream of the Miyun Reservoir in Miyun District, Beijing, the concentration, potential ecological risk, and human health risk of the heavy metals, including cadmium, chromium, arsenic, lead, copper, and zinc, in the soil and sediment samples collected from the river and drainage basin were analyzed and assessed. The average concentrations of the six heavy metals were all below the Soil Environmental Quality Risk Control Standard for Soil Contamination of Agricultural Land (GB 15618-2018) for China, but exceeded the background values of Beijing. Cd was the most serious pollutant in both soil and sediment, being with 2.64 and 3.40 times of background value, while Pb, As and Cr were slightly higher than their background values. The potential ecological risk posed by Cd in soil and sediment was at moderate level, and the potential ecological risk of heavy metals in Chao River Basin was higher than that in Baimaguan River Basin. The historical iron ore mining and economic crop cultivation were identified as the primary sources of heavy metal pollution of soil and sediment in the upstream of the Miyun Reservoir. Human health risk assessment results indicated that non-carcinogenic risks and carcinogenic risks of adults and children all fell below threshold values.