Abstract: Environment and health issues are important factors that affect human health and social development, and are also an important environmental protection work currently in China. Considering the unique advantages of cohort study in causality judgments and the increasingly prominent reality of environment-related health problems, the application and development of cohort studies in the field of environment and health were reviewed, the main contents of cohort study in the field of environment and health described, and the necessity of further cohort study put forward. Meanwhile, the opportunities and challenges of the large-scale cohort study on environment and health in China were also analyzed, so as to provide a diversified perspective and a more reasonable analytical framework for the application of cohort study in the field of environment and health.