Abstract: The water quality indexes of surface sediments and overlying water in Huailai section of the Yongding River in winter were analyzed, the characteristics and diversity of bacterial community in sediments were studied by high-throughput sequencing technology, and the correlation between bacterial species in main sediments and relevant environmental factors was analyzed. The results showed that the average amount of OTUs of surface sediments in Huailai section of the Yongding River in winter was 7 357, the dominant bacterial species in surface sediment phylum level were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi and Firmicutes etc., and the dominant species in bacterial genus level were not obvious. The Shannon index of sediment bacteria ranged from 8.135 to 10.647, ACE index ranged from 6 060.643 to 7 182.679, Chao1 index ranged from 5 553.562 to 6 967.912, the bacterial species were the most abundant in cattail wetland sediments, while the bacterial species were less in the tributary surface sediments under ice-sealed water body. Organic phosphorus (OP) and NH^+_4-N concentration of surface sediment, TP and NO^-_2-N concentration of overlying water were the main driving factors of bacteria relatively abundance of surface sediments in winter in Huailai section of the Yongding River. Among them, sediment bacteria abundance were negatively correlated with sediment OP and NH^+_4-N concentration, and positively correlated with overlying water TP and NO^-_2-N concentration.