Abstract: In the process of livestock and poultry manure composting, the generation of fetor gas is high and the composition is complex. It is increasingly imperative to study the mechanism and control approaches of odor in the composting process. The generation and harm of the main odor components in the process of livestock and poultry manure composting, the influence factors of composting odor and the optimized control conditions were described. The response mechanism of key microorganisms in compost microenvironment, main odoriferous and deodorizing microorganisms and their degradation of odors were discussed. The main types, research progress, application and effects of both in situ and ectopic biological control technologies were summarized. It was suggested that the structure of functional microorganism communities and their microenvironment guarantee should have important influence on composting odor control, which could provide scientific basis and reference for the optimization of biological deodorization technology of compost.