Abstract: At present, in order to achieve the sustainable development of ecological civilization, China continues to strengthen ecological environmental protection, while the investment intensity in environmental protection is increasing continuously. However, the relationship between environmental protection investment and changes in China’s resources and environment should be elaborated. An index system that characterized the general changes of resource and environment was established, the comprehensive index of resource and environment changes calculated, and the correlation and coupling relationship between the environmental protection investment and the comprehensive index analyzed. The results indicated that the comprehensive index of China showed the trend of first increasing then decreasing from 2006 to 2017, and maintained a significant positive correlation with the level of environmental protection investment. In view of the gap between China’s current level of environmental protection investment and that of the developed countries, the continuous improvement of resources and environment in the future still required an increase in environmental protection investment. From 2006 to 2017, the coupling degree of China’s environmental protection investment proportion and the comprehensive index of resource and environment changes showed a rising trend. It was in the antagonism phase from 2006 to 2013, and the running-in phase from 2014 to 2017. In general, the coupling coordination degree of the two showed fluctuated upward trend. It was in the antagonizing and middle coordination stage from 2006 to 2013, and the running-in and high coordination stage from 2014 to 2017. At the same time, there was a positive correlation between economic growth and environmental protection investment. It was suggested that with the economic growth in China, the investment in environmental protection should be increased accordingly.