Evolution trend, treatment process and effect of water ecological environment in Dianchi Lake Basin
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摘要:
为总结滇池治理成效并系统分析滇池水环境综合治理存在的问题,采用文献调研等方法梳理了滇池水质演变过程及治理与管理措施。将滇池的治理分为4个阶段:1)探索治滇阶段(1988—1995年),针对滇池水质显著下降问题,初步探索治滇的方式方法;2)工程治滇阶段(1996—2006年),针对污水排放量、工农业发展取水量增多的情况,采取以点源污染控制为主导的工程治理模式;3)系统治滇阶段(2007—2015年),2007年滇池被列入国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项(简称水专项),中央和地方协同治理,科学提出了以“六大工程”为主线的综合治污思路,以水专项科技成果为支撑,推动流域水体污染系统治理;4)精准治滇阶段(2016年至今),形成了“科学治滇、系统治滇、集约治滇、依法治滇”的新思路,加强精细化管理,推进科技攻关与成果应用,滇池水质显著提升。针对当前滇池水生态环境问题仍较严峻,存在水资源匮乏、流域面源污染负荷重、水生态受损等问题,提出“十四五”期间滇池治理应遵循流域水质目标管理的思路,统筹推进水资源、水环境、水生态治理与管理,加快环境基础设施建设,强化流域水体置换,恢复和维护湖泊生态系统功能。
Abstract:In order to summarize the effectiveness and systematically analyze the problems during the comprehensive treatment of Dianchi Lake water environment, the literature research and other methods were used to analyze the water quality evolution process and governance measures of Dianchi Lake. The treatment of Dianchi Lake was divided into four stages: 1) Exploring period (1988-1995), preliminary methods for Dianchi governance against the significant decrease of water quality were explored. 2) Engineering period (1996-2006), the point source pollution control was adopted as the leading governance model in response to the increase in sewage discharge and water intake for industry and agriculture. 3) Systemic treatment period (2007-2015), in 2007, Dianchi Lake was listed as the Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment (Water Projects for short). The central and local governments proposed a comprehensive pollution control idea, with the “six major projects” as the main line, supported by Water Projects, and the basin water pollution systematic treatment was promoted. 4) Precise treatment period (since 2016), a new idea of “scientific, systematic, intensive, lawful” was formed. By strengthening refined management, promoting the tackling of key scientific and technological problems and the application of R&D achievements, the water quality of Dianchi Lake had been improved significantly. However, the water ecological environment of Dianchi Lake was still grim, due to the serious problems such as the shortage of water resources, the heavy load of non-point source pollution in the basin, and the damage to the water ecology. The governance of Dianchi Lake during the 14th Five-Year Plan period should follow the idea of basin water quality target management, comprehensively promote the governance and management of water resources, water environment and water ecology, accelerate the water environmental infrastructure construction, strengthen the basin water replacement, and restore and maintain the functions of the lake ecosystem.
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表 1 1957—2016年滇池不同时期沉水植物出现情况[23-24,29-35]
Table 1. Higher submerged plants in Dianchi Lake in different stages from 1957 to 2016
沉水植物 1957—1963年 1975—1977年 1995—1997年 2001年 2008年 2010年 2016年 毛柄水毛茛(Batrachium trichophyllum) ○ × × × × × × 水筛(Blyxa japonica) ○ × × × × × × 金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum) ○ × ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 水蕨(Ceratopteris thalictroides) ○ × × × × × × 黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata) ○ ○ ○ ○ × ○ ○ 穗状狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum) ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 轮叶狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum) ○ ○ × × × × × 大茨藻(Najas marina) ○ ○ ○ ○ × × × 小茨藻(Najas minor) ○ × × × × × × 海菜花(Otteliaacuminata) ○ × × × × × × 菹藻(Potamogeton crispus) ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ × × 光叶眼子菜(Potamogeton lucens) ○ ○ × ○ × × ○ 微齿眼子菜(Potamogeton maackianus) ○ × ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus) ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 蓖齿眼子菜(Potamogeton pectinatus) ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 穿叶眼子菜(Potamogeton perfaliatus) ○ ○ ○ ○ × × ○ 小眼子菜(Potamogeton pusillus) ○ ○ × × ○ × × 黄花狸藻(Utricularia aurea) ○ × × × × × × 苦草(Vallisneria natans) ○ ○ ○ × ○ ○ ○ 出现种类数/种 19 11 10 10 8 7 9 注:○表示出现,×表示未出现。 表 2 滇池流域污水处理厂建设及运行情况
Table 2. Construction and operation of wastewater treatment plants in Dianchi Lake Basin
治理阶段 污水处理厂 试运营投产年份 设计日处理能力/万m3 实际日处理量/万m3(2021年4月) 探索治滇阶段
(1988—1995)昆明市第一水质净化厂 1991 5.5 14.14 昆明市第二水质净化厂 1995 10 11.00 工程治滇阶段
(1996—2006年)昆明市第三水质净化厂 1997 21 22.56 昆明市第四水质净化厂 1997 6 5.92 昆明市第五水质净化厂 2002 18.5 21.72 昆明市第六水质净化厂 2003 13 13.81 呈贡区污水处理厂 2004 1.5 1.36 晋宁区污水处理厂 2005 1.5 1.27 系统治滇阶段
(2007—2015年)昆明市第七、八水质净化厂 2009 30 29.89 昆明经济开发区倪家营水质净化厂 2011 5 4.39 空港经济区(南片区)污水处理厂 2012 3 2.06 昆明市第十水质净化厂 2013 15 10.27 昆阳水质净化厂 2013 7.5 3.53 古城水质净化厂 2013 4 0.69 洛龙河水质净化厂 2013 5 1.36 海口水质净化厂 2013 3 0.79 白鱼河水质净化厂 2014 10 2.80 白鱼口水质净化厂 2014 0.5 0.28 高新区(马金铺)污水处理厂 2014 3 0.78 昆明市第九水质净化厂 2015 10 6.52 普照水质净化厂 2015 5 5.11 洛龙河污水处理厂 2015 6 6.95 淤泥河水质净化厂 2015 10 2.86 捞鱼河污水处理厂 2015 4.5 3.78 精准治滇阶段
(2016年至今)昆明市第十一水质净化厂 2016 6 2.66 昆明市第十三水质净化厂 2019 6 6.27 -
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