Abstract: Abrupt environmental accidents discharge a large number of pollutants in a short period of time, causing pollution to the ecological environment, with sudden occurrence, rapid diffusion, initial risk unknown, difficult disposal and other characteristics. At present, the frequent occurrence of environmental emergencies in China has not changed fundamentally, and the technical system of environmental emergency disposal is not perfect. According to the technical requirements for emergency treatment of environmental pollution in China, the characteristics and emergency technical requirements of water pollutants in abrupt environmental accidents were systematically summarized around three scenarios of polluted water: emergency treatment in river, emergency treatment of waterworks and emergency treatment of sewage treatment plants in industrial parks. The common emergency removal technologies of typical water pollutants such as heavy metals and organic pollutants in the emergency process of abrupt water pollution were reviewed. Combined with the current technical progress, the key directions of emergency removal technology of water pollutants in the future were prospected.