Abstract: The microorganism of lake sediments plays an important role in the transformation of organic matter and nutrients, and the microbial community structure is also affected by various environmental factors. In order to explore the differences of the microbial community structure and the influencing factors in the sediments of Hengshui Lake in winter, based on 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing, the microbial community structure composition, diversity and response relationship with environmental factors in various lake areas were analyzed. The results showed that the microbial community diversity in the sediments of various lake areas was in the order of the north area of lake>the center area of lake>the south area of lake. There were extremely significant differences (P<0.01) in the microbial community structure of sediments in the north area of lake and the center area of lake. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Chloroflexi in the sediment samples in the center area of lake was significantly higher than that in other lake areas, which was related to the serious organic pollution in the center area of lake. At the genus level, the relative abundance of P9X2b3D02 in sediment samples of the north area was significantly higher than that in other areas, indicating that this genus was more suitable for growth and reproduction in an environment with rich aquatic plants. The total organic carbon (TOC) content of the sediments was the key influencing factor of microbial community structure in lake sediments. The high correlation between TOC concentration and the relative abundance of microbial species was related to the heavy organic pollution of the sediments.