长江流域洞庭湖片区典型城市水环境问题解析与治理对策

李永真; 孙德智; 李虹; 李莹杰; 齐飞

doi:10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210708

长江流域洞庭湖片区典型城市水环境问题解析与治理对策

doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210708

李永真^{1, 2,},
孙德智^{1, 2},
李虹³,
李莹杰³,
齐飞^{1, 2, ,}

1.
水体污染源控制技术北京市重点实验室，北京林业大学
2.
北京林业大学污染水体源控与生态修复技术北京高校工程研究中心
3.
中国环境科学研究院

基金项目: 长江生态环境保护修复联合研究一期项目成果集成课题（2021-长江项目-001-W-004）

详细信息

作者简介:
李永真(1995—)，女，硕士研究生，主要从事污水深度处理技术研究，liyongzhen802@163.com

通讯作者:
齐飞(1980—)，男，教授，主要从事水质分析与水质安全保障技术研究，qifei@bjfu.edu.cn

中图分类号: X524
计量
- 文章访问数: 527
- HTML全文浏览量: 183
- PDF下载量: 86
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-11-16

Analysis and governance countermeasures study of water environment problems in typical cities around Dongting Lake in the Yangtze River Basin

LI Yongzhen^{1, 2
,},
SUN Dezhi^{1, 2},
LI Hong³,
LI Yingjie³,
QI Fei^{1, 2
, ,}

1.
Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Beijing Forestry University
2.
Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-Remediation, Beijing Forestry University
3.
Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences

摘要

摘要:
为解析洞庭湖片区城市对洞庭湖及长江流域造成的水环境污染问题并提出相应的治理对策，以洞庭湖片区6个城市为研究对象，对该区域城市国控断面水质变化情况、水资源特征和重金属污染问题进行梳理，对工业源、城市生活源和城市面源的污染负荷进行核算。结果表明，片区内6个城市排放的COD、氨氮、TN和TP负荷量分别为14.07万、1.21万、2.45万和0.14万t/a，主要污染源来自城市生活源，其次分别为工业源和城市面源，影响片区城市水质的主要因子分别为氨氮和TP。对该片区城市水环境问题进行剖析，发现管网建设不完善是引起城市水体水质恶化的重要原因之一，工业规模扩大和工业历史遗留问题导致工业废水排放和重金属污染，并基于上述分析提出相应的城市水环境问题整治建议。
- 洞庭湖片区城市 /
- 水环境问题解析 /
- 污染负荷 /
- 重金属 /
- 治理对策
Abstract:
Six cities were taken as the research object to analyze the water environment pollution problems of Dongting Lake and the Yangtze River Basin caused by cities in Dongting Lake region, and put forward the corresponding countermeasures. The water quality variation of the state-controlled sections, characteristics of water resources and heavy metal pollution of the six cities in the region were summarized, and the pollution load of industrial sources, urban domestic sources, and urban non-point sources were calculated. The results showed that the loading of COD, ammonia nitrogen, TN and TP discharged by the 6 cities in this region were 140 700, 12 100, 24 500 and 1 400 t/a, respectively. The main pollution sources were urban domestic sources, followed by industrial sources and urban non-point sources. The main factors affecting urban water quality in this region were ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus. Through analyzing the urban water environment problems in this region, it was found that the imperfect construction of the pipe network was one of the important reasons for the deterioration of urban water quality, and the expansion of industrial scale and the problems left over from industrial history led to the discharge of industrial wastewater and heavy metal pollution. Based on the above analysis, the corresponding governance suggestions for urban water environment problems were put forward.
- cities in Dongting Lake region /
- analysis of water environment problems /
- pollution load /
- heavy metals /
- governance countermeasures

HTML全文

图 1 洞庭湖片区城市分布

Figure 1. Cities distribution of Dongting Lake region

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 2016—2020年洞庭湖片区国控断面水质变化

Figure 2. Water quality changes of state-controlled sections in Dongting Lake region from 2016 to 2020

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 洞庭湖片区城市人均水资源量

Figure 3. Urban per capita water resources in the cities of Dongting Lake region

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 2017年洞庭湖片区城市污染负荷来源占比

Figure 4. Proportion of sources of pollution load in the cities of Dongting Lake region in 2017

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 洞庭湖片区城市不同污染负荷来源占比

Figure 5. Proportion of different sources of pollution load in the cities of Dongting Lake region

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 洞庭湖片区城市排水管网密度

Figure 6. Density of drainage pipe network in the citiesof Dongting Lake region

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 洞庭湖片区城市污水处理率

Figure 7. Treatment rate of sewage treatment plants in the cities of Dongting Lake region

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 洞庭湖片区城市EMC与径流系数

Table 1. Urban EMC value and runoff coefficient in Dongting Lake region

下垫面类型	径流系数	EMC/(mg/L)
下垫面类型	径流系数	COD	氨氮	TN	TP
道路	0.90	69.720	1.909	2.194	0.256
公共建筑	0.65	56.104	1.583	1.967	0.167
绿地	0.20	45.451	1.142	1.562	0.169
城区居住区	0.65	44.149	1.245	1.614	0.131
工业企业区	0.50	114.002	2.479	3.084	0.356

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 城市污水处理厂水污染物产排污参考值

Table 2. Reference value of water pollutant generation and discharge of urban sewage treatment plant mg/L 　

城市	COD		氨氮		TN		TP
城市	进口	排口	进口	排口	进口	排口	进口	排口
株洲	175.9	28.9	17.1	2.20	30.5	8.71	1.63	0.299
岳阳	172.1	28.2	16.1	2.07	22.5	6.44	1.55	0.284
常德	153.5	25.2	12.4	1.59	22.8	6.50	2.06	0.378
郴州	105.8	17.4	13.3	1.71	19.9	5.68	1.32	0.242
益阳	141.5	23.2	17.5	2.25	26.6	7.60	2.38	0.437
娄底	209.6	34.4	18.9	2.43	27.5	7.85	2.91	0.534

下载: 导出CSV

表 3 洞庭湖各入湖口表层沉积物中重金属浓度

Table 3. Content of heavy metals in the surface sediments of the estuary of Dongting Lake mg/kg　

入湖口名称		Sb	Hg	Cd	As	Pb	Cu	Ni	Cr
“四水” 入湖口	湘江	5.63	0.389	13.50	73.31	83.20	58.3	41.4	77.5
	资江	16.49	0.335	4.10	40.55	50.50	30.0	31.5	57.5
	沅江	2.35	0.101	2.80	16.43	26.00	22.5	27.0	53.0
	澧水	0.78	0.107	0.50	15.29	31.50	38.0	35.4	57.0
长江 “三口”	太平口	0.49	0.080	0.10	7.87	35.80	53.7	29.8	85.5
	松滋口	0.98	0.084	0.08	8.85	40.80	52.7	32.8	93.0
	藕池口	0.40	0.055	0.08	6.56	21.00	33.0	29.0	100.0
注：数据来自长江生态环境保护修复联合研究（第一期）《长江干流洞庭湖片区重金属污染防控研究报告》（未发布）。

下载: 导出CSV

表 4 洞庭湖片区城市工业企业数量

Table 4. Number of industrial enterprises in the cities of Dongting Lake region 个　

年份	株洲	岳阳	常德	益阳	郴州	娄底	合计
2010	1 486	1 309	940	743	1 108	661	6 247
2011	1 471	1 389	983	819	1 212	649	6 523
2012	1 261	1 371	793	784	1 074	622	5 905
2013	1 314	1 324	862	827	1 080	665	6 072
2014	1 486	1 327	930	903	1 133	713	6 492
2015	1 499	1 350	944	931	1 105	740	6 569
2016	1 540	1 285	993	971	1 095	676	6 560
2017	1 557	1 287	1 009	1 021	1 047	736	6 657
2018	1 658	1 188	1 165	1 079	1 076	794	6 960
2019	1 721	1 301	1 264	1 132	1 119	898	7 435
2020	1 619	1 452	1 370	1 142	1 151	936	7 670

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(39)

[1]	郭晶, 王丑明, 黄代中, 等.洞庭湖水污染特征及水质评价[J]. 环境化学,2019,38(1):152-160. GUO J, WANG C M, HUANG D Z, et al. Pollution characterization and water quality assessment of Dongting Lake[J]. Environmental Chemistry,2019,38(1):152-160.
[2]	尹宇莹, 彭高卓, 谢意南, 等.洞庭湖表层沉积物中营养元素、重金属的污染特征与评价分析[J]. 环境化学,2021,40(8):2399-2409. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2020042401 YIN Y Y, PENG G Z, XIE Y N, et al. Characteristics and risk assessment of nutrients and heavy metals pollution in sediments of Dongting Lake[J]. Environmental Chemistry,2021,40(8):2399-2409. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2020042401
[3]	李琳琳, 卢少勇, 孟伟, 等.长江流域重点湖泊的富营养化及防治[J]. 科技导报,2017,35(9):13-22.
[4]	章晓. 资江干流污染现状分析与防治对策[D]. 长沙: 湖南农业大学, 2020.
[5]	YANG S, HAO H, LIU B, et al. Influence of socioeconomic development on river water quality: a case study of two river basins in China[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2021,28(38):53857-53871. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-14338-y
[6]	DUAN W, HE B, CHEN Y, et al. Identification of long-term trends and seasonality in high-frequency water quality data from the Yangtze River basin, China[J]. Plos One,2018,13(2):e0188889. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188889
[7]	刘敏, 赵良元, 李青云, 等.长江源区主要河流水化学特征、主要离子来源[J]. 中国环境科学,2021,41(3):1243-1254. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2021.03.028 LIU M, ZHAO L Y, LI Q Y, et al. Hydrochemical characteristics, main ion sources of main rivers in the source region of Yangtze River[J]. China Environmental Science,2021,41(3):1243-1254. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2021.03.028
[8]	刘俊, 田学达, 王琳杰, 等.洞庭湖表层沉积物营养盐空间分布及来源解析[J]. 环境工程技术学报,2019,9(6):701-706. doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.2019.05.180 LIU J, TIAN X D, WANG L J, et al. Spatial distribution and source analysis of surface sediment nutrients in Lake Dongting[J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology,2019,9(6):701-706. doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.2019.05.180
[9]	李海生, 王丽婧, 张泽乾, 等.长江生态环境协同治理的理论思考与实践[J]. 环境工程技术学报,2021,11(3):409-417. LI H S, WANG L J, ZHANG Z Q, et al. Theoretical thought and practice of eco-environment synergistic management in the Yangtze River[J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology,2021,11(3):409-417.
[10]	湖南省生态环境厅. 2019年湖南省生态环境状况公报[N]. 中国环保, 2021-06-01(001).
[11]	湖南省生态环境厅. 2020年湖南省生态环境状况公报[N]. 中国环保, 2021-06-05(001).
[12]	住房和城乡建设部. 2020年中国城市建设统计年鉴[M]. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 2021: 6-34.
[13]	国家统计局城市社会经济调查司. 2020中国城市统计年鉴[M]. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 2021: 27-33.
[14]	国家统计局, 生态环境部. 2020中国环境统计年鉴[M]. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 2021.
[15]	湖南省统计局. 2020年湖南统计年鉴[M]. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 2021.
[16]	住房和城乡建设部. 室外排水设计标准: GB 50014—2021 [S]. 北京: 中国计划出版社, 2021.
[17]	杨龙, 孙长虹, 齐珺, 等.城市径流污染负荷动态更新研究[J]. 环境与可持续发展,2014,39(3):135-137. doi: 10.19758/j.cnki.issn1673-288x.2014.03.042
[18]	李晓连. 基于水环境容量的辽河铁岭段污染负荷总量分配[D]. 沈阳: 沈阳理工大学, 2016.
[19]	韦小惠. 长沙市路面径流污染特征及处治措施研究[D]. 长沙: 长沙理工大学, 2019.
[20]	秦雅琪. 南宁市城区雨水径流污染特征研究[D]. 南宁: 广西大学, 2018.
[21]	李畅. 南宁市初期雨水径流污染特征研究[D]. 南宁: 广西大学, 2016.
[22]	蒋元勇. 城市集水区降雨径流污染特征及调控模拟研究[D]. 南昌: 南昌大学, 2015.
[23]	张倩, 苏保林, 罗运祥, 等.城市水环境控制单元污染物入河量估算方法[J]. 环境科学学报,2013,33(3):877-884. doi: 10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2013.03.032 ZHANG Q, SU B L, LUO Y X, et al. Estimation of pollutant loads into the water environmental control units in urban areas[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2013,33(3):877-884. doi: 10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2013.03.032
[24]	第二次全国污染源普查生活污染源产排污系数手册(试用版)[M]. 广州: 生态环境部华南环境科学研究所, 2019: 1-13.
[25]	第二次全国污染源普查集中式污染治理设施产排污系数手册(试用版)[M]. 广州: 生态环境部华南环境科学研究所, 2019: 4-21.
[26]	姜莉.数值模拟研究在株洲市黑臭水体治理中的应用[J]. 中国市政工程,2021(6):93-97. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-4655.2021.06.022
[27]	刘杨.关于金融支持黑臭水体治理的调查思考: 以湖南常德为例[J]. 金融经济,2020(10):53-57.
[28]	李思贤, 周小平. 争做一江碧水坚定守护者[N]. 岳阳日报, 2021-12-21(001).
[29]	徐幸仪, 伍佑伦, 盛东, 等.1960-2015年洞庭湖水资源演变特征分析[J]. 水资源与水工程学报,2020,31(4):57-62. XU X Y, WU Y L, SHENG D, et al. Evolution characteristics of water resources at Dongting Lake from 1960 to 2015[J]. Journal of Water Resources & Water Engineering,2020,31(4):57-62.
[30]	王勤, 彭渤, 方小红, 等.湘江长沙段沉积物重金属污染特征及其评价[J]. 环境化学,2020,39(4):999-1011. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2019101901 WANG Q, PENG B, FANG X H, et al. Characteristic and evaluation of heavy metals in sediment of Changsha. section of Xiangjiang River[J]. Environmental Chemistry,2020,39(4):999-1011. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2019101901
[31]	孟婉, 刘扬, 朱士江, 等.洞庭湖流域沉积物重金属分布特征及其生态风险[J]. 南水北调与水利科技,2021,19(4):739-749. doi: 10.13476/j.cnki.nsbdqk.2021.0077 MENG W, LIU Y, ZHU S J, et al. Distribution and ecological risk of heavy metals in sediment across the Dongting Lake basin[J]. South-to-North Water Transfers and Water Science & Technology,2021,19(4):739-749. doi: 10.13476/j.cnki.nsbdqk.2021.0077
[32]	邢玉坤, 曹秀芹, 柳婷, 等.我国城市排水系统现状、问题与发展建议[J]. 中国给水排水,2020,36(10):19-23. doi: 10.19853/j.zgjsps.1000-4602.2020.10.004 XING Y K, CAO X Q, LIU T, et al. Current status, problems and development suggestions of urban drainage system in China[J]. China Water & Wastewater,2020,36(10):19-23. doi: 10.19853/j.zgjsps.1000-4602.2020.10.004
[33]	杨盼. 洞庭湖关键污染物削减方案研究[D]. 宜昌: 三峡大学, 2019.
[34]	涂蕾, 赵纯凤, 周国华.湖南省新型工业化与新型城镇化协调发展的地域差异及影响因素[J]. 衡阳师范学院学报,2015,36(6):105-109. doi: 10.13914/j.cnki.cn43-1453/z.2015.06.024
[35]	LI F, HUANG J, ZENG G, et al. Spatial risk assessment and sources identification of heavy metals in surface sediments from the Dongting Lake, Middle China[J]. Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2013,132:75-83. doi: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2013.05.007
[36]	湖南省生态环境厅. 湖南省第二次全国污染源普查公报[N]. 中国环保, 2020-12-09(001).
[37]	李照全, 方平, 黄博, 等.洞庭湖区典型内湖表层沉积物中氮、磷和重金属空间分布与污染风险评价[J]. 环境科学研究,2020,33(6):1409-1420. doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2020.04.15 LI Z Q, FANG P, HUANG B, et al. Distribution and ecological risk assessment of nitrogen, phosphorus and heavy metals in surface sediments of typical internal lakes in Dongting Lake Area[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2020,33(6):1409-1420. doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2020.04.15
[38]	张光贵, 谢意南, 莫永涛.洞庭湖典型水域表层沉积物中重金属空间分布特征及其潜在生态风险评价[J]. 环境科学研究,2015,28(10):1545-1552. doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2015.10.08 ZHANG G G, XIE Y N, MO Y T. Spatial distribution characteristics and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in typical water surface sediments of Dongting Lake[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2015,28(10):1545-1552. doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2015.10.08
[39]	湖南省“十四五”生态环境保护规划[A/OL]. 长沙: 湖南省人民政府公报. (2021-10-22). http://www.hunan.gov.cn/hnszf/xxgk/wjk/szfbgt/202110/t20211022_20838349.html