Abstract: Accelerating the green and low-carbon transformation and development of coal-based industry is very important for China to achieve the goal of carbon peak and carbon neutrality. The basic situation of product outputs and greenhouse gas emissions in coal, coal power and coal chemical industry was mainly analyzed, and the risks and challenges faced by coal-based industry in terms of industrial distribution, ecological environment protection pressure, energy utilization efficiency and low-carbon technology innovation were identified. The green and low-carbon development paths of coal-based industry were put forward, from the aspects of scientifically planning industrial layouts, strengthening ecological environment protection, strengthening energy-saving transformation and improving efficiency, focusing on the application of technological innovation and deepening the coupling development of multiple industries, so as to provide policy support for the green and low-carbon development of coal-based industry.