Abstract: The adaptability of the farmers in Karst rocky desertification control area was explored, so as to promote farmers to adapt to environmental changes brought by rocky desertification control, and realize the sustainable and coordinated development of regional farmers and ecological environment. With Huajiang Demonstration Zone in Anshun City, Guizhou Province as an example, the evaluation index system of farmers' adaptability was constructed by introducing farmers' adaptation perception and sustainable livelihood framework. Besides, the adaptability of 509 farmers was quantitatively evaluated and compared through principal component analysis. The influencing factors were analyzed and the corresponding improvement strategies were given. The results showed that the perception ability of the surveyed farmers to the change of rocky desertification control was in the order of pure farmers > part-time farmers > non-farmers > multiple occupations farmers. As a whole, the surveyed farmers' adaptability to environmental changes brought by rocky desertification control was low. The multiple occupations farmers and part-time farmers had stronger adaptability than pure farmers and non-farmers. The main influencing factors affecting the adaptability of farmers in Huajiang included material and economic ability, human and natural ability, perception ability of rocky desertification control and diversification degree of livelihood. The adaptability of farmers in Karst rocky desertification control area could be improved by enhancing their livelihood capital, material economic ability and educational level.