Abstract: The contaminated plot left by a typical illegal lead refining site for waste lead batteries was taken as the research object. The pollution characteristics of lead and arsenic and health risk in the site soil were analyzed and evaluated by using the comprehensive pollution index method, the potential ecological index method, and the human health risk assessment model, and the children's blood lead levels were evaluated combined with the integrated exposure uptake biokinetic (IEUBK) model at the same time. The results indicated that the mean values of lead and arsenic in the soil at all sites in the study area were 4.67×10⁴ and 2.64×10² mg/kg, respectively, which were significantly higher than the soil background values in Henan Province and exceeded the risk screening values of Soil Environmental Quality - Risk Control Standard for Soil Contamination of Development Land (Trial) (GB 36600-2018) for Class Ⅱ land by 58.37 times and 4.41 times, respectively. The comprehensive pollution index and potential ecological index in various points of the research area followed the order of waste lead battery dismantling area>storage area>lead block molding area. Except for the lead block molding area where the soil arsenic was lightly polluted, the lead and arsenic in the soil of other research areas were heavily polluted, and there was an extremely strong potential ecological risk. Meanwhile, the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of heavy metals in three exposure pathways followed the order of ingestion of soil>dermal absorption of soil>inhalation of soil. The total cancer risk index of arsenic at each point was found to follow the order of lead smelting furnace area>waste lead battery dismantling area>storage area>lead block molding area>10⁻⁶. Lead and arsenic levels had a significant effect on the maximum total non-carcinogenic risk indices, counting 25.00, 160.69, 1.73, and 11.71 for adults and children, respectively, with the non-carcinogenic risk of lead to children being more obvious. Both were higher than the US EPA's maximum acceptable level, and there was an extremely strong potential health risk to nearby residents. In addition, the probability of children's blood lead concentration exceeding 100 μg/L was as high as 99.99%, calculated by the IEUBK model, which was much higher than the safety probability limit of 5%.