Abstract: To explore the relationship between ecological fragility and comprehensive economic level in northwest China, the evaluation system of ecological vulnerability indicators in Gansu Province was constructed through Driving-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) model, and the evaluation system of comprehensive economic level indicators in Gansu Province was constructed from the social and economic aspects. The spatial distribution of different types of coupling coordination degree between ecological vulnerability and comprehensive economic level in Gansu Province was studied, and its influencing factors were explored. The results showed that: 1) The area of counties and districts with moderate or higher ecological vulnerability in Gansu Province accounted for 78.8%, and the ecosystem as a whole was relatively fragile; the area of counties and districts with medium or lower comprehensive economic level in Gansu Province accounted for 41.1%, and the overall comprehensive economic level was low. 2) The ecological environment and economy in Gansu Province were poorly coordinated. Only 9.2% of the counties and districts had coordinated economic and ecological development, accounting for 4.4% of the total area. The proportion of counties and districts with unbalanced economic and ecological development was 48.3%, accounting for 73.9% of the total area. The spatial distribution characteristics of each type were significantly different, among which the concentration of the imbalanced environment-lag type was the strongest, concentrated in the north of Gansu Province, where the climate was dry and the water and soil loss was serious. 3) The pressure of population growth, the restriction of natural environment and the backward living standard of residents were major obstacles to the coordinated development of ecology and economy in Gansu Province. Based on this, Gansu Province should adhere to the concept of sustainable and coordinated development, strengthen the protection and governance of ecological environment, and develop green economy according to local conditions, so as to realize the coordinated and high-quality development of regional ecological environment and economy as soon as possible.