Abstract: Development of electrodes that facilitate microbial enrichment and excellent electrical conductivity is the key to improving the performance of microbial fuel cell (MFC). By acid and base activation way, the anode carbon felt (CF) with spirulina biochar (one type of algal biochar) was modified. The performance of MFC based on modified electrodes for electricity generation and pollutant conversion was explored with nitrobenzene as a representative of refractory pollutants, by detecting the electrochemical performance of the electrode and the pollutant degradation process. The results showed that the maximum MFC voltage in the modified CF electrode system (NaOH-AC700, 700 ℃ and modified by NaOH) could reach up to 670 mV, which was 26% higher than CF system, and the acclimation time was reduced from 7 days to 2 days. The modified electrode system could efficiently generate electricity while also degrading pollutants. The removal of nitrobenzene by the cathode in the modified CF electrode system was 99.9%, which was 22.1% higher than the unmodified CF electrode system, and the aniline production was increased by 123.3%. Microbial community analysis showed that the electrogenic microorganisms on the electrode surface were mainly Arcobacter and Pseudomonas, and the highest abundance of electrogenic microorganisms was found on the surface of NaOH-AC700/CF anode, thus facilitating the electrogenesis of MFC and the reduction of nitrobenzene.