Abstract: In order to identify the carbon emission control level of aviation enterprises, the super efficiency SBM model and GML index model were used to study the carbon emission efficiency and dynamic changes of six aviation enterprises in China from 2011 to 2019. Then a panel regression model was constructed to explore the influencing factors of carbon emission efficiency of aviation enterprises. The results showed that the carbon emission efficiency of China's aviation enterprises showed "U" shaped trend of first decreasing and then increasing during the sample period. Compared with 2016, the carbon emission efficiency of the industry increased by 6.38% in 2019, and the level of carbon emission control of enterprises had improved significantly. In terms of changes of carbon emission efficiency, technological progress and productivity index show similar changes in the same direction, which was the main driving force for carbon emission efficiency. There were great differences in the changes of carbon emission efficiency among different enterprises. As for the influencing factors, seat utilization rate and fuel cost regulation had a significantly positive impact on the carbon emission efficiency of aviation enterprises. When the passenger seat utilization and fuel cost regulations were increased by 1%, respectively, the carbon efficiency was improved by about 1.524% and 0.166%, respectively. Environmental regulations had a positive impact on the improvement of carbon emission efficiency. At this stage, the capital structure had a significant negative impact on carbon emission efficiency, and optimizing enterprise operations and adjusting enterprise capital structure could largely promote the sustainable development of enterprises.