Abstract: Xingkai Lake is a cross-border lake between China and Russia. It is of great practical significance to study the sources and ecological risks of heavy metals in the sediments of Xingkai Lake for the protection and treatment of the regional ecological environment. The surface and columnar sediment samples of Xingkai Lake in China were collected systematically, and the contents of heavy metals As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni, Cr and Zn were determined. The pollution status and potential ecological risk of heavy metals were evaluated by the geo-accumulation index method and potential risk index method, and their potential sources were analyzed by the mathematical statistics method. The mean values of Cr, Ni, As, Cr and Hg in the surface sediments of Small Xingkai Lake exceeded the reference values of Heilongjiang soil background, while only Ni and Cd in Great Xingkai Lake exceeded the reference values of Heilongjiang soil background. The soil accumulation index evaluation shows that Hg in the surface sediments of Small Xingkai Lake has a high degree of pollution, mainly light pollution and moderate pollution, As and Cd are mainly pollution-free, followed by light pollution, Cd in Great Xingkai Lake is mainly light pollution, and other heavy metals are mainly pollution-free. The evaluation results of the potential ecological risk index show that the surface sediments of Xingkai Lake are generally pollution-free to moderately polluted, and Cd is the most important ecological risk factor. As, Hg and Cd are the main factors of heavy metal pollution, and the areas in the west and east sides of Small Xingkai Lake and the west side of Great Xingkai Lake are more seriously polluted. The pollution is affected by agricultural production activities and mineral exploitation and smelting in the upper reaches. In addition, considering that Cd is enriched at the bottom of Great Xingkai Lake, it may be affected by the natural background.