Abstract: Antibiotics are common in rural domestic sewage in China and exist in various types. However,current research on the removal efficiency of antibiotics by rural domestic wasterwater treatment systems is relatively limited, and the effectiveness of different treatment processes varies, which makes it particulaly important to systematically analyze and evaluate the actual performance of various treatment processes. Based on the existing literature, this paper systematically analyzed the types and concentration characteristics of antibiotics detected in rural sewage treatment systems of China and the removal effect of conventional sewage treatment technologies for antibiotics. The results showed that the main types of antibiotics in rural domestic wastewater included tetracyclines, sulfonamides, quinolones, macrolides, chloramphenicols, and β-lactams, and their contents ranged from ng/L to μg/L. The content level varied among different rural areas. There were great differences and fluctuation characteristics concerning the removal effect of antibiotics in different rural domestic sewage treatment processes, and the removal effect varied with the antibiotic types. The concentration of antibiotics in the effluent was generally in the level of ng/L. The Sequential Batch Reactor process demonstrated a high removal efficiency for antibiotics, and the removal efficiency reached 73.0% to 90.8%, with an average value of 85.0%. The process had a good removal effect on sulfonamides (except trimethoprim) and β-lactam antibiotics, but had a relatively weak removal effect on tetracycline antibiotics. The removal effect of constructed wetland systems for antibiotics was easily affected by the external environment; the removal rate fluctuated greatly, ranging from 19.7% to 98.5%, and the rate was higher under suitable temperature and other conditions. The removal rate of soil filtration systems for antibiotics was between 50.0% and 75.0%. Both treatment systems showed advantages in removing quinolone antibiotics but were less effective in removing tetracycline antibiotics. This paper reveals the potential and limitations of China's rural domestic sewage treatment system in treating common antibiotics, which can provide a scientific basis for future optimization of treatment processes, improvement of antibiotic removal efficiency, and protection of water environmental quality and public health.