Abstract: Yangcheng Lake serves as a significant breeding base for Eriocheir sinensis. In order to understand the effects of lake aquaculture on the environmental factors and multitrophic aquatic communities, the differences in water, sediment, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and benthic between the aquaculture and non-aquaculture areas of Yangcheng Lake in February, May, August, and November of 2023 were analyzed. The relationship between environmental factors and aquatic communities was further investigated. The results showed that the concentration of Chla in aquaculture areas was higher compared with non-aquaculture areas, while the concentrations of TN and TP were lower. There was no significant difference in the content of TN_S,TP_S and TOC in the sediment between aquaculture and non-aquaculture areas. The biodiversity of benthic in aquaculture areas was higher than that in non-aquaculture areas, and there was no significant difference in the biodiversity of phytoplankton and zooplankton between aquaculture and non-aquaculture areas. Redundancy analysis demonstrated that the biodiversity of benthic was mainly related to water temperature, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, and transparency in the environment, and the biodiversity of benthic in aquaculture areas was positively correlated with Chla additionally. The research shows that Eriocheir sinensi breeding in Yangcheng Lake has not exacerbated nutrient pollution in the water and sediment. Nonetheless, there is a need to focus on Chla control in Eriocheir sinensis breeding.