Abstract: Fecal waste carries a large number of hazardous biological factors such as disease-causing microorganisms and parasite eggs, and their effective inactivation is an important prerequisite for achieving the resource utilization of fecal waste. Hazardous biological factors in fecal waste have potential risks to soil microorganisms, crops and groundwater. Physical treatment, such as heat treatment and high-pressure treatment, is more effective in inactivating pathogens in manure, but the cost of the process is high, so the inactivation cost should be optimized from the viewpoint of the parameters of the process. The chemical treatment should consider the combination of various disinfectants to ensure an inactivation effect. The cost of the biological treatment is relatively low, but the effect depends on the type and proportion of exogenous additives, so the selection of different exogenous additives and the proportion of additives is the focus of future research. Meanwhile, we should also focus on the problem of the coexistence of antibiotic resistance genes and pathogens, as this might form pathogens with higher resistance.