七里海湿地鸟类对旅游开发活动干扰的响应

The response of the birds in Qilihai Wetland to disturbances from tourism development activities

  • 摘要: 鸟类物种对外来干扰的响应具有差异性。韧性概念的内涵主要是系统对干扰的抵抗、适应和恢复能力,栖息地忠诚是指野生动物倾向回到或留在相对固定的栖息地内或附近的行为,这两个概念适用于解释鸟类对干扰的响应差异。天津七里海湿地2009—2015年违规开发运营湿地公园,2015年底被叫停并拆除设施,后开展湿地修复和严格保护。采用开发前、开发运营期、治理恢复期三个阶段的鸟类调查数据,研究湿地鸟类对旅游开发活动干扰的响应。结果表明:(1)七里海湿地三个阶段的鸟类物种数分别为190种、159种、175种,呈现出先减少后增加的态势;(2)鸟类对旅游开发活动的干扰响应可分为五种类型:持续存在的30种,干扰时暂离又返的39种,干扰去除后复返的72种,去而不返的55种,修复后新来的51种;(3)设定前四种类型的干扰响应等级分别为4~1,鸟类物种性状与干扰响应等级单因素和多元线性回归分析显示,窝卵数与干扰响应等级显著正相关;游禽、涉禽、杂食鸟以及筑巢类型为浮巢的鸟类具有较高的韧性;筑巢类型为地面巢和编织巢的鸟类韧性较弱;(4)食物资源的丰富程度是鸟类栖息地忠诚度的重要影响因素,离地巢鸟类的栖息地忠诚度较高。

     

    Abstract: The response of bird species to external disturbances has variability. The concept of resilience mainly refers to the system's ability to resist, adapt and recover from disturbances, and is applicable to the study of characteristic differences in bird responses to disturbance. The Qilihai Wetland, located in Tianjin, was developed and operated as a wetland park from 2009 to 2015. At the end of 2015, the park was closed and the facilities were dismantled, and then wetland restoration and strict protection were implemented. The bird survey data during pre-development period, park development and tourism activity period, ecological restoration and strict management period were used to analyze the response of birds to the disturbance of tourism development activities. We defined the birds' response grade according to their stay or departure performance, and analyzed the correlation between the grades and biological traits. The results show that: (1) the number of bird species in the three stages of the Qilihai Wetland is 190, 159 and 175 respectively, showing a decreasing and then increasing trend; (2) the response of birds to tourism disturbance can be categorized into five types: 30 species that stay continuously, 39 species that temporarily leave and return, 72 species that return after disturbance removal, 55 species that permanently leave, and 51 new species that move in after habitat restoration; (3) The first four types of disturbance response levels are set to 4~1, respectively,single factor and multiple linear regression analysis of bird species traits and disturbance response levels showed a significant positive correlation between clutch size and disturbance response level, indicating strong resilience; waterfowls, wading birds, omnivores, and birds with floating nests are more resilient; birds with ground nests and woven nests are less resilient; (4) the abundance of food resources is an important factor affecting the site fidelity of birds, and the site fidelity of birds with off-ground nests are relatively high.

     

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