Abstract: To examine the relationship between the features of black-odor water body and pollution indicators, the distribution status of black-odor water body, the sources of pollution, and pollution indicators in Anhui's rural areas were analyzed using cluster analysis, correlation analysis, non-parametric testing, and chi-square testing. According to the findings, 90 percent of the rural black-odor water bodies in Anhui province is concentrated in the Huaibei district. 62.72 percent of black-odor water bodies have an area of less than 2 000m², and black-odor water bodies over 10 000m² account for 60.70 percent of black-odor water bodies area. In rural areas, the most common forms of black-odor water bodies are pits and ditches, and the primary source of these waterbodies is rural domestic sewage with 97% of black-odor water bodies associated with it. High ammonia nitrogen content and low dissolved oxygen concentration are the primary pollution features of black-odor water bodies. Population exhibits a negative correlation with the clarity of black-odor water bodies and a positive correlation with ammonia nitrogen levels. The extent of black-odor water bodies positively correlates with both dissolved oxygen and ammonia nitrogen concentrations. The clarity of rural black-odor water bodies is inversely related to dissolved oxygen and ammonia nitrogen levels. Clarity, dissolved oxygen, and ammonia nitrogen levels vary significantly across different types of black-odor water bodies. As the black-odor water body enlarged, pollution sources evolved from primarily exogenous origins to a combination of external and internal sources.