Abstract: Heavy metal pollution in soil poses a serious threat to both the ecological environment and human health. Among various remediation technologies, solidification/stabilization technology has been widely adopted due to its cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and ease of application. In particular, phosphorus-based materials, owing to their unique chemical stabilization properties, have demonstrated significant potential in the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils. This paper systematically reviews the research progress and application status of phosphorus-based materials in the field of soil heavy metal pollution remediation. Through a comprehensive review of both domestic and international literature, it systematically summarizes the physical and chemical properties of different types of phosphorus-based materials, analyzes in depth the key mechanism of stabilizing heavy metals by phosphorus-based materials, and evaluates the influencing factors, such as soil environmental parameters and differences in heavy metal characteristics. Building on this analysis, the engineering applicability of phosphorus-based materials in soil remediation of different contaminated sites is discussed. Finally, to address the bottleneck problems such as long-term effectiveness, ecological risk, and economic benefit in the current technology application, innovative ideas of material performance optimization and engineering application improvement are proposed. This work aims to provide a theoretical basis and technical foundation for establishing a long-term stabilization evaluation framework for heavy metals.