Abstract: The watershed ecological security assessment system of Shuifumiao reservoir in Hunan province was established from the perspective of watershed ecosystem structure and land use, including land environmental impact, water ecological health status and watershed ecological service function. The AHP method and the comprehensive index method were used for watershed ecological security assessment. The results show that the comprehensive ecological security of the watershed is in Grade Ⅲ, overall in general safety state. The effect of land environment is of general level, the water ecological health is at a medium security, and the watershed ecological service function is good. Irrational land use and great pollution load cause some pressure on the ecological security of Shuifumiao reservoir basin. The resulted water body eutrophication can influence the water environment and ecological service function of the basin, which has become the hidden trouble of safety threat to ecological security of Shuifumiao reservoir basin.