生物质炭特性及其对土壤性质的影响与作用机制

陈斐杰; 夏会娟; 刘福德; 孔维静; 卢少勇

doi:10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210067

生物质炭特性及其对土壤性质的影响与作用机制

doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210067

陈斐杰^{1, 2,},
夏会娟¹,
刘福德²,
孔维静^1, ,,
卢少勇¹

1.
中国环境科学研究院
2.
天津理工大学环境科学与安全工程学院

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目（2017YFC0505905）

详细信息

作者简介:
陈斐杰（1996—），男，硕士研究生，主要从事湿地生态恢复研究，710824334@qq.com

通讯作者:
孔维静（1978—），男，研究员，博士，主要从事恢复生态学和植物资源化利用研究， kongwj@craes.org.cn

中图分类号: X53
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-03-17

Characteristics of biochar and its effects and mechanism on soil properties

1.
Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences
2.
School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology

摘要

摘要: 生物质炭（biochar）是一种碳含量高、比表面积大、孔隙度高且吸附能力强的土壤改良与修复材料，可通过物理、化学和生物方式作用于土壤，但其影响和作用机制随土壤性质和生物质炭类型不同而异。从生物质炭组成、比表面积和孔隙度、酸碱度及表面官能团等特性与原料和制备工艺关系入手，结合土壤和生物质炭类型，综合阐述了生物质炭添加在改善土壤结构、提高土壤肥力、调节土壤酸碱度、修复污染土壤、增强生物活性和促进养分转化等方面的作用。发现生物质炭通过填充扩容、孔隙截留、胶结凝聚、物理吸附、化学吸附、离子交换、配位络合、共沉淀、微生物介导等方式作用于土壤，实现土壤改良和修复。从物理、化学和生物3方面分类阐述了生物质炭对土壤的影响和作用机制，同时提出未来可重点关注生物质炭改性与制备工艺、不同生物质炭混施比例及施用后的环境风险评估等方面。
- 生物质炭 /
- 土壤性质 /
- 影响机制 /
- 修复
Abstract: Biochar is a kind of soil improvement and remediation material with high carbon content, specific surface area, porosity and adsorption properties. It can influence the soil through physical, chemical and biological ways, but the influence and mechanism vary with soil properties and biochar types. The composition, specific surface area and porosity, pH and surface functional groups of biochar and the raw materials and charring technology of the biochar were summariezed. Effects of biochar addition on soil structure improvement, soil fertility improvement, soil pH regulation, contaminated soil repairment, biological activity enhancement and nutrient transformation promotion were comprehensively generalized. It was found that the soil was remediated or improved by biochar mainly through filling and expansion, pore interception, cementation and coagulation, physical adsorption, chemical adsorption, ion exchange, coordination and complexation, coprecipitation, microbial mediation and so on. The effects and mechanism of biochar on soil were clarified from physical, chemical and biological aspects, respectively. The modification and charring technology of biochar, the proportion of mixed application of biochar and the environmental risk assessment after biochar application in the future should be the key research contents.
- biochar /
- soil properties /
- influence mechanism /
- remediation

HTML全文

图 1 水稻秸秆生物质炭灰分、挥发分和固定碳含量随热解温度的变化^[22-23]

Figure 1. Changes in ash, volatile and fixed carbon contents of rice strawbiochar with pyrolysis temperature

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 500 ℃芦苇生物质炭扫描电镜^[19,24]

Figure 2. Scanning electron microscopeimages of Phragmites australis biochar at 500 ℃

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 生物质炭比表面积和孔隙度随热解温度的变化^[29-30]

注：虚线位置为生物质炭热解过程的临界温度。

Figure 3. Changes in specific surface area and porosity of biochar with pyrolysis temperature

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 生物质炭官能团含量随热解温度的变化^[33]

Figure 4. Changes in functional group contents of biochar with pyrolysis temperature

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 生物质炭对土壤性质的物理作用机制

Figure 5. Physical effect mechanism of biochar on soil properties

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 生物质炭对土壤性质的化学作用机制^[66]

Figure 6. Chemical effect mechanism of biochar on soil properties

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 生物质炭对土壤性质的生物作用机制

Figure 7. Biological effect mechanism of biochar on soil properties

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 不同生物质炭pH

Table 1. pH values of different biochar

原料	热解温度/℃	热解时间/h	pH	数据来源
玉米秸秆	350	0.5	9.96	文献[33]
	550	0.5	10.13
	750	0.5	10.23
小麦秸秆	100	2	6.41	文献[29]
	200	2	7.12
	300	2	8.98
	400	2	8.31
	500	2	8.54
	600	2	8.78
	700	2	9.12
水稻秸秆	300	3	8.45	文献[22]
	400	3	9.59
	500	3	10.30
	600	3	10.43
	700	3	10.68

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 不同类型生物质炭的官能团含量

Table 2. Functional group amounts of different types of biochar

原料	热解温度/℃	热解时间/h	含量/(mmol/g)			数据来源
原料	热解温度/℃	热解时间/h	酸性基团	碱性基团	总基团	数据来源
稻壳	500	3	18.27	8.07	26.34	文献[1]
果壳			19.02	8.64	27.66
花生壳			19.56	8.53	28.09
玉米秸秆			19.07	9.04	28.11
竹			16.04	9.27	25.31
小麦秸秆	450	1	0.15	0.60	0.75	文献[35]
玉米秸秆			0.19	0.89	1.08
稻秸秆			0.28	1.49	1.77
玉米芯			0.24	0.34	0.58
稻壳			0.21	0.45	0.66
木屑			0.19	1.83	2.02
药渣			0.48	3.19	3.67
污泥			0.24	2.32	2.56
酒糟			0.20	1.22	1.42

下载: 导出CSV

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