改进WQI在川中丘陵地区典型流域水质评价中的应用

唐琦; 刘兵; 王璞; 王媛; 蒋红斌; 谢勇; 李克锋

doi:10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210140

改进WQI在川中丘陵地区典型流域水质评价中的应用—以琼江流域上游段为例

doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210140

唐琦^1,,
刘兵^2, ,,
王璞³,
王媛³,
蒋红斌³,
谢勇⁴,
李克锋¹

1.
水力学与山区河流开发保护国家重点实验室, 四川大学
2.
遂宁市生态环境安全应急中心
3.
四川省遂宁生态环境监测中心站
4.
遂宁市安居区环境监测站

基金项目: 四川省省级科技计划项目(2018SZYZF0001)

详细信息

作者简介:
唐琦(1996—)，男，硕士研究生，研究方向为环境与生态水力学，tangqi0320@foxmail.com

通讯作者:
刘兵(1982—)，男，高级工程师，主要从事环境科学研究，bingliu@cqu.edu.cn

中图分类号: X824
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-04-20
- 网络出版日期: 2022-04-02

Application of improved WQI model in water quality assessment of typical watershed in the hilly area of central Sichuan Province: a case study in the upper reaches of Qiongjiang River Basin

TANG Qi^1
,,
LIU Bing^{2
, ,},
WANG Pu³,
WANG Yuan³,
JIANG Hongbin³,
XIE Yong⁴,
LI Kefeng¹

1.
State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University
2.
Emergency Center for Ecological Environmental Safety of Suining
3.
Suining Ecological Environment Monitoring Center Station
4.
Environmental Monitoring Center of Anju District, Suining City

摘要

摘要: 水质指数（WQI）克服了传统水质评价方法无法同时满足定性评价与定量评价的缺点，但其所需指标较多，无法做到广泛运用。以琼江流域上游段为川中丘陵地区典型流域的代表，对其2018—2019年水质监测数据进行多元线性逐步回归分析，从25个水质指标中筛选出氨氮（NH₃-N）、化学需氧量（COD_Cr）、生化需氧量（BOD₅）、溶解氧（DO）4个指标建立改进WQI （WQI_min）模型，该模型评价结果与WQI高度相关，并且具有较好的预测性能（R²=0.81，PE=11.9%）。WQI_min评价结果表明：琼江流域上游段WQI_min均值为63.1±17.2，水质等级为好；干流WQI_min整体上呈沿程升高的趋势，流经安居区时，WQI_min明显降低，但能较快恢复至入城区前的水平；WQI_min由高至低依次为琼江干流>会龙河>玉丰河>蟠龙河>石洞河，主要支流水质均劣于干流，建议区域水污染治理的重点应逐步放到支流上。
- 川中丘陵 /
- 河流 /
- 水质指数(WQI) /
- WQI_min /
- 水质评价 /
- 琼江流域
Abstract: Water quality index (WQI) overcomes the shortcomings of traditional water quality evaluation methods that cannot satisfy both qualitative and quantitative evaluation. However, WQI requires so many evaluation indexes that it cannot be widely used. Taking the upper reaches of Qiongjiang River Basin as the representative of the typical basin in the hilly area of central Sichuan Province, the monitoring data of water quality from 2018 to 2019 were analyzed through the multiple linear stepwise regression method. One improved model, the minimum water quality index (WQI_min) model, was established by choosing NH₃-N, COD_Cr, BOD₅ and DO from 25 water quality indexes. WQI_min model had better predictive performance, and its evaluation results were significantly correlated with WQI (R²=0.81, PE=11.9%). According to the results of WQI_min model, the average WQI_min value in the upper reaches of Qiongjiang River Basin were 63.1±17.2, and the water quality grade was "good". On the whole, the WQI_min value of the mainstream increased along the flow direction. When it flowed through Anju District, WQI_min decreased significantly, but it could return to its pre-affected level before entering the city quickly. The WQI_min values from high to low were as follows: Qiongjiang River mainstream > Huilong River > Yufeng River > Panlong River > Shidong river, and the water quality in tributaries was worse than that of main streams. Therefore, the priority of water pollution control in this area should be gradually put on the tributaries.
- hilly area of central Sichuan Province /
- river /
- water quality index (WQI) /
- WQI_min /
- water quality evaluation /
- Qiongjiang River Basin

HTML全文

图 1 琼江流域上游段水系及监测断面分布

Figure 1. Distribution of water system and monitoring sections in the upper reaches of Qiongjiang River Basin

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图 2 琼江流域上游段WQI_min的空间分布

Figure 2. Spatial distribution of WQI_min values in the upper reaches of Qiongjiang River Basin

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图 3 干流与4条支流WQI_min的空间分布差异性

注：字母不同表示存在显著差异(P<0.05)。

Figure 3. Distribution difference of WQImin values between mainstream and four tributaries

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表 1 水质监测断面详细信息

Table 1. Details of water quality monitoring sections

涉及断面	数据年份	水质指标	数据来源
大安省控断面、跑马滩国控断面	2018-01—2019-12	T、pH、DO、COD_Mn、五日生化需氧量（BOD₅）、NH₃-N、COD_Cr、挥发酚、氰化物、砷、汞、六价铬、铅、镉、石油类、TP、总氮（TN）、铜、锌、氟化物、硒、阴离子表面活性剂、硫化物、粪大肠菌群数、电导率共25项	遂宁市生态环境局
31个常规监测断面	2018-03—2019-10	DO、COD_Mn、BOD₅、NH₃-N、COD_Cr、TP共6项	遂宁市安居生态环境局

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表 2 水质指标的归一化值和权重

Table 2. Normalized values and weights of water quality parameters

水质指标	权重（P_i）^[2,8,10]	归一化值（C_i）
水质指标	权重（P_i）^[2,8,10]	100	80	60	40	20
T/℃	1	15~22	12~15, 22~26	5~12, 26~30	−2~5, 30~36	−6~−2, 36~45
pH	1	7~8	8~9	6~7, 9.0~9.5	4~6, 9.5~11	2~4, 11~12
DO/(mg/L)	4	7.5	6	5	3	2
COD_Mn/(mg/L)	3	2	4	8	12	15
BOD₅/(mg/L)	3	3	3	4	6	10
NH₃-N/(mg/L)	3	0.15	0.5	1	1.5	2
COD_Cr/(mg/L)	3	15	15	20	30	40
挥发酚/(µg/L)	3	2	2	5	10	100
氰化物/(µg/L)	4	5	5	200	200	20
砷/(µg/L)	4	50	50	50	100	100
汞/(µg/L)	4	0.05	0.05	0.1	1	1
六价铬/(µg/L)	4	10	50	200	200	200
铅/(µg/L)	4	10	10	50	50	100
镉/(µg/L)	4	1	5	5	5	10
石油类/(µg/L)	2	50	50	50	500	1 000
TP/(mg/L)	4	0.02	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.4
铜/(µg/L)	2	10	1 000	1 000	1 000	1 000
锌/(µg/L)	2	50	1 000	1 000	2 000	2 000
氟化物/(mg/L)	2	1	1	1	1.5	1.5
硒/(µg/L)	4	10	10	10	20	20
阴离子表面活性剂/(mg/L)	4	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3
硫化物/(µg/L)	2	50	100	200	500	1 000
粪大肠菌群数/(个/L)	3	200	2 000	10 000	20 000	40 000
电导率/(mS/m)	1	1 000	1 500	2 500	5 000	12 000

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表 3 大安与跑马滩断面水质指标平均值和标准差

Table 3. Average values and standard deviations of water quality indexes at sections of Da'an and Paomatan

水质指标	平均值±方差		H	P
水质指标	大安断面	跑马滩断面	H	P
T/℃	20.3±7.31	21.27±7.52	0.283	0.595
pH	8.14±0.33	7.98±0.50	1.432	0.232
DO/(mg/L)	9.28±3.46	8.41±4.91	0.409	0.523
COD_Mn/(mg/L)	5.09±0.67	5.25±0.86	0.052	0.820
BOD₅/(mg/L)	2.31±1.14	2.86±1.04	4.393	0.036
NH₃-N/(mg/L)	0.28±0.15	0.31±0.47	8.401	0.004
COD_Cr/(mg/L)	17.96±2.97	20.83±3.60	7.659	0.006
挥发酚/(μg/L)	0.32±0.10	0.29±0.17	5.906	0.015
氰化物/(μg/L)	4.00±0.00	3.33±0.96	9.400	0.002
砷/(μg/L)	1.34±0.63	1.34±0.89	0.522	0.470
汞/(μg/L)	0.04±0.00	0.03±0.01	9.400	0.002
六价铬/(μg/L)	4.00±0.00	3.33±0.96	9.400	0.002
铅/(μg/L)	1.92±0.28	1.50±0.65	7.172	0.007
镉/(μg/L)	0.10±0.00	0.08±0.03	9.340	0.002
石油类/(μg/L)	12.5±6.76	12.08±6.24	0.204	0.652
TP/(mg/L)	0.13±0.04	0.12±0.14	8.078	0.004
铜/(μg/L)	1.00±0.00	1.04±0.64	2.335	0.126
锌/(mg/L)	0.05±0.01	0.04±0.02	7.484	0.006
氟化物/(mg/L)	0.36±0.08	0.39±0.07	3.145	0.076
硒/(μg/L)	0.40±0.02	0.34±0.10	7.207	0.007
阴离子表面活性剂/(mg/L)	0.06±0.01	0.05±0.02	1.082	0.298
硫化物/(μg/L)	5.00±0.00	4.15±1.24	9.366	0.002
粪大肠菌群数/(个/L)	2 638±1 510	1 228±810	18.312	0.000
电导率/(mS/m)	497.63±97.64	402.33±51.74	15.171	0.000

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表 4 WQI与水质指标的多元线性逐步回归分析

Table 4. Multiple linear stepwise regression analysis of WQI and water quality

$\mathrm{lg}\left(\mathrm{W}\mathrm{Q}\mathrm{I}+1\right)$	R²	F	P
${1.838}^{*}+{0.067}^{*}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{g}\;{C}_{ {\mathrm{N}\mathrm{H} }_{3}-\mathrm{N} }$	0.59	53.19	<0.001
${1.777}^{*}+{0.066}^{}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{g}\;{C}_{ {\mathrm{N}\mathrm{H} }_{3}-\mathrm{N} }+ {0.036}^{**}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{g}\; {C}_{ {\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{D} } _ {\rm{Cr} } }$	0.70	44.25	<0.001
${1.751}^{*}+{0.065}^{}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{g}\;{C}_{ {\mathrm{N}\mathrm{H} }_{3}-\mathrm{N} }+{0.028}^{}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{g}\;{C}_{ {\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{D} } _{ {\rm{Cr} } } }+{0.022}^{*}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{g}\;{C}_{\mathrm{B}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{D_{5} } }$	0.75	38.98	<0.001
${1.758}^{*}+{0.050}^{}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{g}\;{C}_{ {\mathrm{N}\mathrm{H} }_{3}-\mathrm{N} }+{0.024}^{}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{g}\;{C}_{ {\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{D} }_{{\rm{Cr}}} }+{0.029}^{}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{g}\;{C}_{\mathrm{B}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{D_{5} } }+{0.008}^{}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{g}\;{C}_{\mathrm{D}\mathrm{O} }$	0.81	39.96	<0.001
${1.668}^{*}+{0.049}^{}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{g}\;{C}_{ {\mathrm{N}\mathrm{H} }_{3}-\mathrm{N} }+{0.025}^{}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{g}\;{C}_{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{D_{{\rm{Cr}}}} }+{0.033}^{}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{g}\;{C}_{\mathrm{B}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{D_{5} } }+{0.010}^{}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{g}\;{C}_{\mathrm{D}\mathrm{O} }+{0.043}^{*}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{g}\;{C}_{\mathrm{F}.\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i} }$	0.85	43.59	<0.001
注：表示模型中各自变量指标对因变量lg(WQI+1)的显著性，表示P<0.01，**表示P<0.001；C_F.coli表示粪大肠菌群数。

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表 5 WQI_min模型的参数率定结果

Table 5. Parameter calibration results of the WQI_min model

模型	包含指标	R²	P	PE/%
WQI_min-a	NH₃-N、COD_Cr、BOD₅	0.47	<0.001	23.2
WQI_min-b	NH₃-N、COD_Cr、BOD₅、DO	0.92	<0.001	17.4
WQI_min-c	NH₃-N、COD_Cr、BOD₅、粪大肠菌群数	0.52	<0.001	30.7
WQI_min-d	NH₃-N、COD_Cr、BOD₅、DO、粪大肠菌群数	0.93	<0.001	18.9

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表 6 WQI_min模型的参数验证结果

Table 6. Verification results of the WQI_min model

模型	包含指标	R²	P	PE/%
WQI_min-b	NH₃-N、COD_Cr、BOD₅、DO	0.78	0.012	11.9
WQI_min-d	NH₃-N、COD_Cr、BOD₅、DO、粪大肠菌群数	0.82	0.008	17.9

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