昆明城区大气污染物时空分布特征

郭丽辉; 尹惠敏; 颜翔; 徐小峰; 黄晓

doi:10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210208

昆明城区大气污染物时空分布特征

doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210208

昆明市生态环境监测站

详细信息

作者简介:
郭丽辉（1972—），女，高级工程师，主要从事大气自动监测和污染控制研究工作，1552758600@qq.com

中图分类号: X513
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-05-25

Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of atmospheric pollutants in urban area of Kunming City

Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Station in Kunming

摘要

摘要:
利用2013—2020年昆明城区国控点监测数据，分析大气污染物时空分布特征。结果表明：2013—2020年昆明城区O₃年均浓度总体呈上升趋势，其余污染物年均浓度呈下降趋势，O₃增幅为4.1%，SO₂降幅为67.9%，其余污染物降幅为35.0%~55.0%。超过GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》一级以上标准的首要污染物天数占比显示，O₃已经代替PM_2.5成为昆明市最主要的大气污染物；O₃浓度春季最高，夏季次之，秋季最低；PM₁₀和PM_2.5浓度春、冬季高，夏季最低；SO₂、NO₂、CO浓度冬季最高，夏季最低，但SO₂和NO₂四季变化幅度较其他污染物小。春、夏季的O₃，冬、春季的PM_2.5是昆明市大气污染的防治的重点。O₃浓度日变化呈单峰型分布，CO、NO₂、PM₁₀、PM_2.5浓度呈双峰型分布，但PM₁₀、PM_2.5浓度峰谷变化不明显；NO₂、CO、PM_2.5、PM₁₀浓度峰值出现在早高峰时段，O₃浓度峰值出现在14:00—15:00，SO₂浓度上午高于下午。大气污染物浓度分布具有明显的空间差异性，SO₂、PM_2.5、NO₂、PM₁₀、CO浓度城区西部高于东部，分别高出54.5%、20.0%、17.9%、14.6%和2.4%，O₃浓度则相反，城区东部高于西部，高出9.0%；SO₂、NO₂、O₃浓度东部、西部差异呈逐年减小趋势，不排除上风向安宁工业园区污染传输影响变弱的可能性。
- 大气污染物 /
- 时空分布 /
- 变化趋势 /
- 昆明城区
Abstract:
Based on the monitoring data of national control monitoring stations in the urban area of Kunming in 2013-2020, the temporal and spatial distribution features of atmospheric pollutants were analyzed. The results showed that during the period of 2013-2020, the annually-averaged concentration of O₃ in the urban area of Kunming generally showed an upward trend, and the annually-averaged concentrations of other pollutants showed a downward trend. The annually-averaged concentration of O₃ increased by 4.1%, while that of SO₂ dropped by 67.9% and other pollutants dropped by 35.0%-55.0%. The proportion of days of primary pollutants exceeding Level 1 or above the standard of Ambient Air Quality Standards (GB 3095—2012 ) indicated that O₃ instead of PM_2.5 had become the primary atmospheric pollutant in Kunming. The highest concentration of O₃ appeared in spring, followed by summer, and the lowest in autumn, the concentrations of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 were generally high in spring and winter but low in autumn, and as for SO₂, NO₂ and CO, the highest concentrations appeared in winter and lowest in summer. But the variation ranges in four seasons of SO₂ and NO₂ were smaller than that of other pollutants. O₃ in spring and summer and PM_2.5 in spring and winter were the key points of air pollutants control in Kunming. The daily variation of O₃ presented single peak distribution, CO, NO₂, PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 presented double peaks distribution, but the variation of peak-valley of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentrations were not distinct. The peaks of NO₂, PM_2.5, PM₁₀ and CO were identical to morning rush hours, the peak of O₃ usually appeared during 14:00-15:00, and the concentration of SO₂ was higher in the morning than in the afternoon. As for spatial distribution patterns, remarkable distinctions existed for different pollutants. The concentrations of SO₂, PM_2.5, NO₂, PM₁₀ and CO of western stations were 54.5%, 20.0%, 17.9%, 14.6% and 2.4%, respectively higher than those of eastern stations. On the contrary, O₃ concentrations in eastern stations were 9.0% higher than that of western stations. The difference of SO₂, NO₂ and O₃ concentrations between eastern and western stations had narrowed down year by year, and this might be caused by the weakening of the impact of pollution transmission from Anning Industrial Park.
- atmospheric pollutant /
- temporal and spatial distribution /
- variation trend /
- urban area of Kunming

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图 1 昆明城区空气质量监测站点分布示意

Figure 1. Distribution of urban air quality monitoring points in Kunming

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图 2 2013—2020年昆明城区大气污染物浓度年际变化趋势

Figure 2. Interannual variation trends of atmospheric pollutants concentration in urban area of Kunming from 2013 to 2020

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图 3 2016—2020年超过一级标准的首要污染物天数占比

Figure 3. Proportion of days with primary pollutants exceeding the Level 1 standard from 2016 to 2020

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图 4 2016—2020年昆明城区大气污染物浓度季节变化

Figure 4. Seasonal variation of atmospheric pollutants concentration in urban area of Kunming from 2016 to 2020

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图 5 2018—2020年昆明城区大气污染物浓度日变化

Figure 5. Diurnal variations of atmospheric pollutants concentration in urban area of Kunming from 2018 to 2020

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图 6 昆明城区大气污染物浓度空间分布

Figure 6. Spatial distribution of atmospheric pollutants concentration in urban area of Kunming

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图 7 2016—2020年昆明城区东部、西部站点大气污染物浓度变化比较

Figure 7. Comparison of atmospheric pollutants concentration changes between eastern and western stations in urban area of Kunming from 2016 to 2020

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表 1 气象参数的季节排序

Table 1. Seasonal ordering of the values of meteorological parameters

气象参数	排序/降水量分布
月均相对湿度	夏季≈秋季>冬季>春季
月均日照时间	春季>秋季>夏季≈冬季
辐射月均值	春季>夏季>冬季>秋季
月均风速	春季>冬季>夏季≈秋季
月均温度	夏季>春季>秋季>冬季
降水量	集中在5—8月，约占全年降水量的85%

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