基于GIS的上海市不同功能区土壤重金属污染评价及健康风险评估

张施阳

doi:10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210278

基于GIS的上海市不同功能区土壤重金属污染评价及健康风险评估

doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210278

张施阳

上海市环境科学研究院

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFC1802401)；2021年度院青年创新基金项目（CX2021140326）

详细信息

作者简介:
张施阳（1989—），女，工程师，硕士，主要研究方向为污染场地调查及人体健康风险评估，zsy198977@163.com

中图分类号: X53, X826
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-06-29
- 录用日期: 2021-10-07
- 网络出版日期: 2023-02-04

Assessment of soil heavy metal pollution and health risk in different functional areas of Shanghai City based on GIS

ZHANG Shiyang

Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences

摘要

摘要:
为探明上海市土壤重金属污染水平，对上海市公园、交通、教育、居住、企业和农田6个功能区70个表层土壤样品中的8种重金属浓度进行测定，采用污染指数评价法和健康风险模型对不同功能区的重金属污染水平和人体暴露风险进行评估，并在GIS支持下对土壤重金属空间分布格局进行分析。结果表明：土壤中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn浓度平均值分别为8.03、0.22、62.73、35.52、0.19、33.67、29.54和116.78 mg/kg，Cd、Cu、Hg、Pb和Zn浓度超过上海市土壤背景值，其中Hg、Cd、Pb富集现象明显，浓度高值集中于中心城区；10%采样点呈现重度污染，15.7%采样点为中度污染，污染指数较高区域主要位于市区、西部以及东北部郊区；从不同功能区来看，交通区和企业区分别达重度和中度污染，且Cu、Hg、Cd等污染指数较高。人体健康风险评估结果显示：各功能区总致癌风险依次为企业区>交通区>居住区>农田区>教育区>公园区，其中As为致癌风险的主要贡献元素，高风险区域集中于市区及南部郊区；总非致癌风险依次为居住区>农田区>教育区>交通区>企业区>公园区，As、Pb、Ni是影响非致癌风险的主要污染物，超风险点位位于偏东部区域。研究显示，城市土壤重金属在不同的污染评价方式下，会表现出差异化的空间分布特征，且各功能区相对污染程度存在一定区别。
- 土壤重金属 /
- 功能区 /
- 空间分布 /
- 污染评价 /
- 健康风险评估
Abstract:
The contents of 8 heavy metals in 70 surface soil samples were determined, which were collected in Shanghai City, including six functional areas of parks, traffic areas, education areas, residential areas, industrial enterprises and farmlands. The pollution status and human exposure risk of heavy metals (HMs) in different functional areas were evaluated by pollution index evaluation method and health risk model. Meanwhile, the spatial distributions of HMs based on the geography information system (GIS) were plotted. The results showed that the average values of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn were 8.03, 0.22, 62.73, 35.52, 0.19, 33.67, 29.54 and 116.78 mg/kg, respectively. The contents of Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn were higher than the soil background values in Shanghai, the enrichment of Hg, Cd and Pb was obvious and the high values were concentrated in the center city. 10% of the soil samples were heavily polluted and 15.7% of the soil samples were moderately polluted. The areas with higher pollution index were mainly located in the urban areas, and the western and northeastern suburbs as well. From the perspective of different functional areas, the traffic areas and the enterprises were severely and moderately polluted, respectively, with a higher pollution index of Cu, Hg and Cd. Human health risk assessment results showed that the descending order of total carcinogenic risk in different functional areas was as follows: enterprises > traffic areas > residential areas > farmlands > education areas > parks, and As contributed the most to carcinogenic risk. High risk areas were concentrated in urban and the southern suburb. The total noncarcinogenic risks were found to be in descending order of residential areas > farmlands > education areas > traffic areas > enterprises > parks. As, Pb and Ni were the main pollutants affecting noncarcinogenic risk. The sampling sites exceeding the acceptable level were located in the eastern area. The study showed that under different assessment methods, heavy metals in urban soils displayed differentiated spatial distribution characteristics, with certain differences in terms of the relative pollution degree in each functional area.
- soil heavy metal /
- functional areas /
- spatial distribution /
- pollution assessment /
- health risk assessment

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图 1 研究区采样点位示意

Figure 1. Sampling locations of the study area

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图 2 上海市表层土壤重金属浓度空间分布

Figure 2. Spatial distribution of heavy metal concentrations in surface soil of Shanghai City

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图 3 上海市土壤中重金属P_n分布

Figure 3. Spatial distribution of the composite pollution index for HMs in soils of Shanghai City

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图 4 土壤重金属致癌风险及非致癌风险空间分布

Figure 4. Spatial distribution of T_CR and T_HQ for HMs in soils

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表 1 不同功能区敏感受体及其暴露参数

Table 1. Sensitive receptors and exposure parameters of different functional areas

暴露参数	居住区		公园区		教育区		企业区	交通区
	居民		活动人群		教师	学龄儿童	工作人员	道路清洁工人
	成人	儿童	成人	儿童	成人	儿童	成人	成人
体重(BW)/kg	61.8	19.2	61.8	19.2	61.8	19.2	61.8	61.8
身高(H)/cm	161.50	113.15	161.50	113.15	161.50	113.15	161.50	161.50
暴露周期(ED)/a	24	6	24	6	24	6	25	25
暴露频率(EF)/(d/a)	350	350	45	45	250	250	250	250
室内暴露频率(EFI)/(d/a)	262.5	262.5	0	0	187.5	187.5	187.5	0
室外暴露频率(EFO)/(d/a)	87.5	87.5	45	45	62.5	62.5	62.5	250
暴露皮肤面积比(SER)	0.32	0.36	0.32	0.36	0.32	0.36	0.18	0.18
皮肤黏附系数(SSAR)/(mg/cm²)	0.07	0.20	0.07	0.20	0.07	0.20	0.20	0.20
土壤摄入率(OSIR)/(mg/d)	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.1
空气摄入率(DAIR)/(m³/d)	14.5	7.5	14.5	7.5	14.5	7.5	14.5	14.5
非致癌效应平均时间(AT_nc)/d	8 760	2 190	8 760	2 190	8 760	2 190	9 125	9 125
致癌效应平均时间(AT_ca)/d	27 740	27 740	27 740	27 740	27 740	27 740	27 740	27 740

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表 2 重金属RfD及SF取值

Table 2. Slope factor and reference dose of HMs

重金属	RfD			SF
重金属	口腔摄入/〔mg/(kg·d)〕	皮肤接触/〔mg/(kg·d)〕	呼吸吸入/（mg/m³）	口腔摄入/（kg·d/mg）	皮肤接触/（kg·d/mg）	呼吸吸入/（m³/mg）
As	3.00×10⁻⁴	3.00×10⁻⁴	1.50×10⁻⁵	1.5	1.5	4.30
Cd	1.00×10⁻³	2.50×10⁻⁵	1.00×10⁻⁵			1.80
Cr	1.50	1.95×10⁻²
Cu	4.00×10⁻²	4.00×10⁻²
Hg	3.00×10⁻⁴	2.10×10⁻⁵	3.00×10⁻⁴
Ni	2.00×10⁻²	8.00×10⁻⁴	9.00×10⁻²			2.60×10⁻¹
Pb	3.60×10⁻³	5.40×10⁻⁴
Zn	3.00×10⁻¹	3.00×10⁻¹

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表 3 土壤重金属浓度统计性描述

Table 3. Descriptive statistics of soil heavy metals

项目	As	Cd	Cr	Cu	Hg	Ni	Pb	Zn
最小值/(mg/kg)	3.9	0.07	16.3	10	0.02	7.8	6.5	42.5
最大值/(mg/kg)	18.8	2.4	139	267	2.13	107	270	403
平均值/(mg/kg)	8.03	0.22	62.73	35.52	0.19	33.67	29.54	116.78
标准差/(mg/kg)	2.79	0.29	27.70	34.41	0.28	13.49	31.47	61.05
变异系数/%	34.80	130.66	44.16	96.86	149.58	40.07	106.55	52.28
偏度	1.624	6.338	0.555	4.965	5.157	2.328	6.671	2.302
峰度	3.186	46.33	0.294	30.589	32.718	11.724	50.804	7.021
上海土壤背景值^[17]/(mg/kg)	9.11	0.133	75	28.6	0.102	40	25.48	86.11

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表 4 国内不同城市土壤重金属平均浓度比较

Table 4. Comparison of heavy metal mean concentrations in urban soils from different cities of China mg/kg　

城市类型	城市名称	As	Cd	Cr	Cu	Hg	Ni	Pb	Zn
超大城市	上海（本研究）	8.03	0.22	62.75	35.52	0.19	33.67	29.54	116.78
	北京^[26]	10.49	0.19	60.27	34.42	0.28	25.87	39.50	89.63
	深圳^[8]	12.59	0.59	40.39	73.14		17.03	83.47	211.49
	天津^[27]	11	0.18	51	33	0.43	39	45	148
	重庆^[28]	8.02	0.98	26.58	24.63	0.31	25.64	32.61	96.77
特大城市	广州^[29]	13.62	0.21	48.81	18.02	0.12	14.53	45.36	104.55
	南京^[30]		0.29	80.3	46.8	0.43	35.4	46.3	134
	武汉^[31]	14.09	0.30	76.54	44.06	0.23		48.91
	沈阳^[32]	8.09	0.49	67.3	44.8		38.1	59.14	206.6
	济南^[23]	10.16	0.17	77.12	29.25	0.08	32.9	26.6	70.71
大型城市	苏州^[33]	15.51	0.33	75.6		0.52		40.26
	石家庄^[34]	9.42	0.275	71.85	27.39	0.11	28.2	31	104.48
	太原^[35]	10.96	0.21	73.69	28.87	0.12	29.76	26.29	86.08
	合肥^[36]	10.8	0.20		38.6	0.18	27.3	37	108.8
	宁波^[37]	7.23	0.21	80.33	40.23	0.55	32.13	51.77	123.85
	呼和浩特^[38]	6.40		54.75	30.07		16.47	11.63	89.93
	银川^[39]		0.15	80.79	40.37			29.02	74.87
中小城市	开封^[40]	6.31	1.05	53.11	36.4		23.87	36.71	164.03
	商丘^[41]	9.4	0.28	62.5	22.7	0.13	25.7	35.5	75.6
	咸阳^[42]			65.11	26.91		29.81	38.26	90.94
	宝鸡^[43]	17.03	0.77	49.18	40.52		30.52	16.75	261
	白银^[44]	6.27	0.29	69.02	49.4	0.09	18.34	69.11	237.01
重金属平均浓度		10.29	0.37	63.19	36.43	0.25	27.59	39.99	129.76

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表 5 上海市不同功能区土壤重金属浓度对比

Table 5. Comparison of heavy metal concentrations in soil of different types of function areas of Shanghai City mg/kg　

重金属	公园区	交通区	教育区	居住区	农田区	企业区
As	7.76±1.54	8.67±3.33	7.47±3.17	8.12±2.47	6.90±1.78	9.01±3.76
Cd	0.21±0.22ab	0.38±0.59a	0.20±0.06ab	0.20±0.11ab	0.12±0.07b	0.20±0.09ab
Cr	59.99±25.83b	55.02±27.62b	59.23±22.36b	70.44±29.11a	63.75±36.27ab	68.33±25.23ab
Cu	29.40±10.45b	35.66±24.02ab	33.86±16.50ab	28.58±13.06b	28.00±13.62b	58.71±76.90a
Hg	0.16±0.11b	0.37±0.56a	0.13±0.08b	0.14±0.08b	0.11±0.08b	0.18±0.23b
Ni	32.88±10.98b	29.11±9.35b	32.56±9.13b	34.51±8.35ab	32.84±12.58b	41.12±24.72a
Pb	26.60±9.40b	41.83±66.92a	32.88±14.43b	25.82±11.37b	20.16±6.63b	27.58±13.72b
Zn	103.99±17.65ab	137.34±104.42a	117.61±58.26ab	116.28±44.39ab	90.97±31.56b	129.05±56.08ab
注：表中数据为平均值±标准差；同一行中不同字母代表差异显著（P<0.05）。

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表 6 上海市不同功能区重金属污染评价指数

Table 6. Evaluation indexes of HMs pollution in different functional areas of Shanghai City

功能区	P_i								P_n
功能区	As	Cd	Cr	Cu	Hg	Ni	Pb	Zn	P_n
公园区	0.85	1.56	0.80	1.03	1.61	0.83	1.04	1.21	1.80
交通区	0.95	2.85	0.74	1.25	3.61	0.73	1.64	1.60	3.21
教育区	0.82	1.47	0.79	1.18	1.30	0.82	1.29	1.37	1.55
居住区	0.89	1.52	0.94	1.00	1.35	0.86	1.01	1.35	1.59
企业区	0.99	1.48	0.91	2.05	1.74	0.93	1.08	1.50	2.41
农田区	0.76	0.88	0.85	0.98	1.07	0.82	0.79	1.06	1.29
平均值	0.88	1.68	0.84	1.24	1.85	0.83	1.16	1.36	2.02

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表 7 上海市不同功能区土壤重金属健康风险评价结果

Table 7. Results of health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil in different functional areas

风险		公园区	交通区	教育区	居住区	企业区	农田区	平均值
非致癌	HQ_As	7.57×10⁻²	9.03×10⁻²	4.14×10⁻¹	6.29×10⁻¹	9.88×10⁻²	5.35×10⁻¹	2.63×10⁻¹
	HQ_Cd	7.37×10⁻⁴	2.00×10⁻³	4.20×10⁻³	6.10×10⁻³	1.20×10⁻³	3.53×10⁻³	2.88×10⁻³
	HQ_Cr	1.03×10⁻⁴	8.13×10⁻⁵	5.63×10⁻⁴	9.38×10⁻⁴	1.01×10⁻⁴	8.49×10⁻⁴	3.59×10⁻⁴
	HQ_Cu	1.90×10⁻³	2.00×10⁻³	1.21×10⁻²	1.43×10⁻²	3.30×10⁻³	1.40×10⁻²	6.62×10⁻³
	HQ_Hg	3.10×10⁻³	1.55×10⁻²	8.20×10⁻³	1.19×10⁻²	3.10×10⁻³	9.42×10⁻³	8.84×10⁻³
	HQ_Ni	6.80×10⁻³	1.15×10⁻²	4.34×10⁻²	6.44×10⁻²	1.99×10⁻²	6.13×10⁻²	2.93×10⁻²
	HQ_Pb	1.90×10⁻²	2.58×10⁻²	1.30×10⁻¹	1.43×10⁻¹	1.70×10⁻²	1.12×10⁻¹	6.65×10⁻²
	HQ_Zn	8.90×10⁻⁴	1.00×10⁻³	5.60×10⁻³	7.70×10⁻³	9.53×10⁻⁴	6.06×10⁻³	3.24×10⁻³
	T_HQ	1.08×10⁻¹	1.48×10⁻¹	6.18×10⁻¹	8.78×10⁻¹	1.44×10⁻¹	7.42×10⁻¹	3.80×10⁻¹
致癌	CR_As	2.34×10⁻⁷	5.76×10⁻⁶	1.26×10⁻⁶	1.91×10⁻⁶	6.04×10⁻⁶	1.63×10⁻⁶	3.17×10⁻⁶
	CR_Cd	3.47×10⁻¹⁰	2.76×10⁻⁹	2.63×10⁻⁹	3.82×10⁻⁹	1.96×10⁻⁹	2.22×10⁻⁹	2.37×10⁻⁹
	CR_Ni	7.96×10⁻⁹	3.19×10⁻⁸	6.35×10⁻⁸	9.41×10⁻⁸	5.89×10⁻⁸	8.98×10⁻⁸	5.15×10⁻⁸
	T_CR	2.42×10⁻⁷	5.79×10⁻⁶	1.33×10⁻⁶	2.01×10⁻⁶	6.10×10⁻⁶	1.72×10⁻⁶	3.22×10⁻⁶

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