Research and application advances of Anammox in nitrogen removal from municipal wastewater
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摘要:
厌氧氨氧化（anaerobic ammonium oxidation，Anammox）是城市污水处理工艺未来最具发展潜力的新型脱氮技术之一。基于Anammox反应机理，归纳了在城市污水条件下实现短程硝化耦合Anammox (partial-nitritation coupled Anammox，PN/A)和短程反硝化耦合Anammox (partial-denitrification coupled Anammox，PD/A) 的运行调控措施，阐述了Anammox强化城市污水脱氮的工艺模式，并从工程化应用角度总结了阻碍城市污水实现Anammox处理的瓶颈问题，同时对PN/A与PD/A的脱氮性能、降耗减排效果、工艺特征及应用场景进行了对比分析，最后总结并展望了Anammox在城市污水处理中的研究方向，以期为城市污水处理工艺向Anammox转变提供借鉴和参考。
Abstract:Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) is one of the most promising new nitrogen removal technologies for municipal wastewater in the future. Based on Anammox reaction mechanism, the operation control strategies of partial-nitrification coupled Anammox (PN/A) and partial-denitrification coupled Anammox (PD/A) under the condition of municipal wastewater were summarized, and the process modes of Anammox to strengthen the denitrification in municipal wastewater were elaborated. At the same time, the bottleneck problems hindering the realization of Anammox treatment from the perspective of engineering application were concluded. Finally, the nitrogen removal performance, effect of reducing consumption and emission, process characteristics and application scenarios of PN/A and PD/A in municipal wastewater were compared and analyzed, and the future research direction of Anammox was summarized and prospected, so as to provide reference for the transformation of urban sewage treatment to Anammox process.
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图 2 基于PN/A技术的氮去除路径
注：黑色实线为短程硝化（PN），紫色实线为Anammox。DBa为A类反硝化菌(以NO2 −为终产物)，DBb为B类反硝化菌(无NO2 −积累)，DBc为C类反硝化菌(NO2 −短暂积累)。
Figure 2. Nitrogen removal path based on PN/A technology
图 4 基于PN路线的城市污水侧流Anammox工艺模式
Figure 4. Sidestream Anammox process model of urban sewage based on PN route
图 5 基于PD/A技术的氮去除路径
注：黑色实线为硝化过程，蓝色实线为PD，紫色实线为Anammox。
Figure 5. Nitrogen removal path based on PD/A
图 6 基于PD路线的主流Anammox亚硝酸盐积累策略
Figure 6. Nitrite accumulation strategy based on PD route in mainstream Anammox
表 1 PN/A与PD/A的脱氮性能及降耗减排情况
Table 1. Performance of nitrogen removal, consumption and discharge reduction of PN/A and PD/A
指标 含义 PN/A PD/A 数据来源 NO2 −积累率/% >90 >90 文献[51-52] 理论氮去除率/% 对无机氮的去除率 89 100 文献[53] 碳源消耗量/(g/g) 每g NH4 +-N消耗的碳源（以COD计） 0.31 1.31 文献[12] 有机物回收量/kg 理论上从1.0×105 m3城市污水(NH4 +-N浓度=40 mg/L，COD=400 mg/L)中回收的COD量 22 964 22 517 文献[53] 耗氧量/(g/g) 每g NH4 +-N的耗氧量 1.95 2.39 文献[12] 污泥产量/(g/g) 每g NH4 +-N的可挥发性固体（VSS）产生量 0.14 0.29 文献[12] CO2排放量/(g/g) 每g NH4 +-N的CO2排放量 较少 0.79 文献[7,54] N2O排放量/% N2O排放量占去除氮负荷的比例 1.35±0.72 0.074~0.66 文献[55-56] 
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表 2 Anammox应用在城市污水处理厂的代表性工程案例
Table 2. Representative engineering cases of Anammox application in municipal wastewater treatment plants
污水处理厂名称 处理规模
/(m3/d)脱氮路线 核心工艺 Anammox
处理模式运行温度/℃ 国外 奥地利Strass污水处理厂[57] 2.6×104 PN/A DEMON 侧流 30~40 荷兰Dokhaven污水处理厂[24] 3.4×105 PN/A SHARON-
Anammox侧流 30~40 美国Blue Plains污水处理厂[58] 1.4×106 PN/A DEMON 侧流 30~40 瑞士Zürich污水处理厂[59] PN/A CANON 侧流 30~40 新加坡Changi再生污水处理厂[60] 2.0×105 PN/A 多级A/O-
分段进水主流 28~32 国内 北京高碑店污水处理厂[4] 1.0×106 PN/A IFAS 侧流 30~40 西安第四污水处理厂[61] 2.5×105 PD/A A/A/O-
MBBR主流 11~25
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