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北方地区农村清洁取暖技术适用性评价

吕连宏 张楠 夏捷 张保留 白梓函 罗宏

吕连宏,张楠,夏捷,等.北方地区农村清洁取暖技术适用性评价:以北京为例[J].环境工程技术学报,2022,12(5):1695-1702 doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210298
引用本文: 吕连宏,张楠,夏捷,等.北方地区农村清洁取暖技术适用性评价:以北京为例[J].环境工程技术学报,2022,12(5):1695-1702 doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210298
LÜ L H,ZHANG N,XIA J,et al.Applicability evaluation of clean heating technologies in rural areas in northern China: a case study in Beijing[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology,2022,12(5):1695-1702 doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210298
Citation: LÜ L H,ZHANG N,XIA J,et al.Applicability evaluation of clean heating technologies in rural areas in northern China: a case study in Beijing[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology,2022,12(5):1695-1702 doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210298

北方地区农村清洁取暖技术适用性评价—以北京为例

doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210298
基金项目: 大气重污染成因与治理攻关项目(DQGG0304);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务专项(2019YSKY-001)
详细信息
    作者简介:

    吕连宏(1981—),男,正高级工程师,博士,主要从事能源与环境经济研究,lvlh@craes.org.cn

  • 中图分类号: X196

Applicability evaluation of clean heating technologies in rural areas in northern China: a case study in Beijing

  • 摘要:

    为了切实改善区域大气环境质量,中国在北方地区大规模开展以煤改电、煤改气为主的农村清洁取暖改造工程,如何选择技术可行、经济上可接受的清洁取暖技术路径是清洁取暖改造可持续的关键问题。基于北京农村地区实地调研数据,从经济性和舒适性2个维度对4种农村清洁取暖技术进行适用性评价,总结出各种技术的适用条件,提出农村清洁取暖技术路径选择建议。结果表明:空气源热泵运行费用较低,舒适性较好,适合冬季温度不低于−20 ℃的各类区域;燃气壁挂炉运行费用略高于空气源热泵,舒适性较好,适合距离燃气管线或燃气站较近的平原、半山区地区,不同气候温度范围均适用;蓄能式电暖器运行费用较高,舒适性较差,适合冬季温度接近于城区的农村或城乡接合部、农宅面积较小的区域;地源热泵取暖最好结合政府资金支持项目实施,运行费用较低,舒适性较好,适合地质结构适宜建井,有足够空间进行地埋管的区域。建议农村清洁取暖工作立足长远,因地制宜地选择清洁取暖技术,着力降低农户清洁取暖运行成本,同时提高农村清洁取暖电力和天然气供应的可靠性。

     

  • 表  1  调研对象及使用的清洁取暖技术

    Table  1.   Respondents and the clean heating technologies used

    村/社区改造年份清洁取暖技术
    门头沟区禅房村2015地源热泵
    房山区河口村2014燃气壁挂炉
    襄驸马庄村2014蓄能式电暖器
    杨驸马庄村2014蓄能式电暖器/空气源热泵
    龙门台村2013空气源热泵
    昌平区辛店村2013燃气壁挂炉
    麦庄村2015空气源热泵
    桃峪口村2015蓄能式电暖器/空气源热泵
    曹庄村2015燃气壁挂炉
    平谷区雕窝村2014蓄能式电暖器
    东寺渠村2014空气源热泵
    胜利街村2015空气源热泵
    石景山区陈家沟村2014蓄能式电暖器
    模式口村2015蓄能式电暖器
    坛峪村2014蓄能式电暖器
    海淀区北京市生态环境局宿舍2015空气源热泵
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2  调研对象的基本信息

    Table  2.   Basic characteristics of surveyed households

    项目参数占比/%
    地理条件平原40.0(3 377)
    山区33.3(859)
    半山区26.7(2 322)
    户均年收入/万元<3.040.0
    3.0~4.533.3
    4.5~6.06.7
    ≥6.020.0
    建筑面积/m2<10055.8
    100~20039.5
    ≥2004.7
    围护结构三七墙69.7
    二四墙28.0
    其他2.3
    室内取暖末端形式暖气片65.1
    地暖27.9
    风机盘管7.0
    注:括号内数字为户数。
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3  不同清洁取暖技术的设备投资

    Table  3.   Equipment investment of different clean heating technologies

    清洁取暖
    技术
    村/社区设备
    价格/元
    用户初
    投资/(元)
    单位面积平均初
    投资/(元/m2
    占户均年
    收入比例/%
    补贴政策
    空气源热泵龙门台村、
    杨驸马庄村
    14 000000政府出资改造
    麦庄村17 000~24 0002 000~9 000554.4~20.0每户补助15 000元左右
    桃峪口村28 000~29 0008 000~9 00093.1517.8~20.0每户补助20 000元左右
    东寺渠村25 000~30 00010 00085.4717.5用户承担10 000元,剩余由政府承担
    胜利街村25 000~30 00011 00070.9725.7用户承担11 000元,剩余由政府承担,每户只能买1台
    北京市生态
    环境局宿舍
    000政府出资改造
    蓄能式
    电暖器
    襄驸马庄村3 0001 80027.695.6政府补贴1 200元/台
    杨驸马庄村6 6001)1 46711.74.9设备补贴总额的1/3,最高上限每台2 200元,每户补贴3台
    雕窝村1 6001 60072.731.5电表之外部分的改造由政府承担,电表改造由用户承担
    陈家沟村6 5401)1 45341.516.1设备补贴总额的1/3,补贴金额最高不超过2 200元
    模式口村6 5401)1 45324.971.2设备补贴总额的1/3,补贴金额最高不超过2 200元
    坛峪村6 5401)1 45328.496.1设备补贴总额的1/3,补贴金额最高不超过2 200元
    燃气壁挂炉河口村10 000~15 00010 000~15 00041.6713.9~20.8无补贴
    曹庄村10 000<1 0000~6.670~3.6政府补贴90%,村民自付10%,最多补贴13000元
    辛店村10 000~15 0001 000~1 5007.352.56~3.85政府补贴90%,村民自付10%
    地源热泵禅房村政府出资改造
      1)为3台设备的价格。
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  4  不同清洁取暖技术的运行费用

    Table  4.   Operating costs of different clean heating technologies

    清洁取暖技术村/社区单位面积取暖
    费/(元/m2
    占户均年
    收入比
    例/%
    原燃煤取暖费/
    (元/m2
    改造后取
    暖费
    变化/%
    补贴政策
    补贴前补贴后
    空气源热泵龙门台村19.7317.208.531.25−45.021:00—次日06:00享受0.3元/(kW·h)的低谷电价
    杨驸马庄村18.3616.008.532.05−50.121:00—次日06:00享受0.3元/(kW·h)的低谷电价
    麦庄村65.1556.7811.234.2365.921:00—次日06:00享受低谷电价0.3元/(kW·h),由市、区(县)两级财政再各补贴0.1元/(kW·h)
    桃峪口村28.5224.865.122.998.121:00—次日06:00享受低谷电价0.3元/(kW·h),由市、区(县)两级财政再各补贴0.1元/(kW·h)
    东寺渠村41.3035.997.346.36−22.421:00—次日06:00享受试点低谷电价0.3元/(kW·h)
    胜利街村86.0675.0028.031.2514021:00—次日06:00享受试点低谷电价0.1元/(kW·h)
    北京市生态环境局宿舍21.69补贴后电价为0.5元/(kW·h)
    蓄能式电暖器襄驸马庄村74.4274.4210.931.07139.5无电价补贴,电价为0.485元/(kW·h)
    杨驸马庄村41.4241.4220.032.1928.7无电价补贴,电价0.485元/(kW·h)
    雕窝村164.76143.592.862.18130.921:00—次日06:00享受试点低谷电价0.3元/(kW·h)
    陈家沟村86.0675.005.462.520.021:00—次日06:00享受试点低谷电价0.3元/(kW·h),由市、区(县)两级财政再各补贴0.1元/(kW·h)
    模式口村62.5254.481.153.891.121:00—次日06:00享受试点低谷电价0.3元/(kW·h),由市、区(县)两级财政再各补贴0.1元/(kW·h)
    坛峪村78.5568.465.458.4617.121:00—次日06:00享受试点低谷电价0.3元/(kW·h),由市、区(县)两级财政再各补贴0.1元/(kW·h)
    燃气壁挂炉
    河口村35.1435.1414.222.2158.2无补贴,燃气价为3.15元/m3
    曹庄村51.2728.7811.727.992.8燃气价为2.28元/m3,取暖季由燃气公司和
    镇政府各补贴0.5元/m3
    辛店村38.9735.8915.429.8220.4燃气价为2.28元/m3,取暖季政府补贴0.18元/m3
    按户最多补贴306元
    地源热泵禅房村29.2629.2619.818.5058.1无补贴
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  5  不同清洁取暖技术的室内外温度

    Table  5.   Indoor and outdoor temperatures of different clean heating technologies

    清洁取
    暖技术
    村/社区建筑面积/m2取暖季室外平均温度/℃室外最低温度/℃室内温
    度/℃
    空气源
    热泵
    龙门台村50~180
    (墙体有保温层的占77.78%)
    −13−2017~20
    杨驸马庄村−5−1920
    麦庄村−4−1517~23
    桃峪口村−4−1318~24
    北京市生态
    环境局宿舍
    0−1520
    东寺渠村−10−1520~23
    胜利街村−10−2819~20
    蓄能式
    电暖器
    襄驸马庄村10~140(平均为75.78)−7−1917~20
    杨驸马庄村−5−1516~17
    雕窝村−6−1720~26
    陈家沟村−10−1810~20
    模式口村0−1017~23
    坛峪村−7−1513~22
    燃气
    壁挂炉
    河口村90~500(墙体有保温层的占55.56%)−6−1718~22
    曹庄村−3−1217~22
    辛店村−6−1619~22
    地源
    热泵
    禅房村18~25
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  6  常见农村清洁取暖技术的适用条件

    Table  6.   Applicable conditions of common rural clean heating technologies

    清洁取暖技术室内温
    度/℃
    适用面积/m2投资(未补贴)/(元/套)
    单位面积投资
    费用1)/(元/m2
    单位面积运行
    费用/(元/m2
    适用区域
    空气源
    热泵
    17~24>8520 000~35 00100~150(10~15)18~60(地暖+墙体保温层取暖费用能降到30以下,补贴后再降20%~30%)冬季温度不低于−20 ℃的各类区域
    蓄能式
    电暖器
    13~26单个房间面
    积<20
    1 800~3 20090~110(50~70)70~80(补贴后降低20%~30%)冬季温度接近于城区的农村或城乡接合部
    燃气壁
    挂炉
    18~25>6010 000~15 000100~150(10~15)40~50(地暖末端可节约20%~30%)距离燃气管线或燃气站较近的平原、半山区地区,不同气候温度范围均适用
    地源热泵
    18~25>10065 000~100 000500(最好结合政府资金支持项目,如新农村建设、险村搬迁或改造等)28~30(政府补贴后降到11~16)具有适合打井的地质结构,有足够空间进行地埋管的区域
      1)括号内数字为政府补贴后的投资费用。
    下载: 导出CSV
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