江库连通条件下珠海市饮用水源水质分布特征及水资源调配措施

谢琼; 付青; 昌盛; 樊月婷; 涂响; 王山军

doi:10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210305

江库连通条件下珠海市饮用水源水质分布特征及水资源调配措施

doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210305

谢琼^{1, 2,},
付青^{1, 2, ,},
昌盛^{1, 2},
樊月婷^{1, 2},
涂响^{1, 2},
王山军^{1, 2}

1.
国家环境保护饮用水水源地保护重点实验室, 中国环境科学研究院
2.
湖泊水污染治理与生态修复技术国家工程实验室, 中国环境科学研究院

基金项目: 生态环境部专项项目（22110302008001）

详细信息

作者简介:
谢琼（1985—），女，高级工程师，硕士，主要从事饮用水水源地保护与管理、污染防治及应急技术研究，xie.qiong@craes.org.cn

通讯作者:
付青（1970—），女，研究员，博士，主要从事饮用水水源地保护与管理、流域水环境规划及保护区划分技术研究，fuqing@craes.org.cn

中图分类号: X52
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-07-06

Water quality distribution characteristics and water resources allocation measures of river-reservoir connected drinking water sources in Zhuhai City

XIE Qiong^{1, 2
,},
FU Qing^{1, 2
, ,},
CHANG Sheng^{1, 2},
FAN Yueting^{1, 2},
TU Xiang^{1, 2},
WANG Shanjun^{1, 2}

1.
National Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences
2.
National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Water Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences

摘要

摘要:
珠海市河流型和水库型饮用水源的补给来源均主要来自西江，其中水库型水源主要通过西江泵站调水的方式进行蓄水。利用聚类分析和判别分析对水源水质时空分布特征进行了分析，讨论水期变化和水源位置等因素对水源水质的影响，并通过水力停留时间计算和相关性分析，初步探讨了水资源调度及水力停留时间对水源水质的影响。结果表明：珠海市水源水质可分为西江上游河流型水源、西江下游河流型水源和水库型水源3类；水库型水源中的总磷、粪大肠菌群、硫化物、硝酸盐浓度低于河流型水源，其中，水库型水源、河流型水源中的总磷浓度分别为0.01~0.04、0.04~0.12 mg/L，硝酸盐浓度分别为0.006~1、0.100~2 mg/L；上游河流型水源受咸潮上溯影响较小，下游河流型水源枯水期硫酸盐及氯化物浓度显著上升，但丰水期水质与上游河流型水源差异较小。基于上述分析结果，提出水资源调配措施：1）通过延长水库水力停留时间，包括提高库容量较大水库利用率，调整水库与泵站的连通方式等，以发挥水库型水源营养盐自净功能。2）枯水期可发挥上游河流型水源咸潮抵御的功能优势，保障水源盐度达标，丰水期可发挥下游河流型水源供水成本较低的优势，加大其水源取水比例。3）优先选取总磷、硝酸盐浓度较低（如总磷浓度达到湖库型水源Ⅲ类标准限值），且距离城区较近的泵站进行供水。通过上述措施的实施，提高水质因素在水资源调配中的作用，降低水资源调度对水源水质的冲击和水源水质超标风险。
- 连通性饮用水源 /
- 水质特征 /
- 水资源调配 /
- 营养盐 /
- 盐度
Abstract:
The recharging sources of river and reservoir type of drinking water sources in Zhuhai City are mainly from Xijiang River, among which the water storage of reservoir type of water sources is mainly supplied by pumping stations from Xijiang River. Cluster analysis and discriminant analysis were used to analyze the characteristics of spatial and temporal distribution of water quality in drinking water sources, so as to discuss the influence of water season change and water sources location on water quality. Water retention time calculation and correlation analysis were used to preliminarily study the influence of water resources allocation and hydraulic retention time on water quality. The result shows that the source water quality in Zhuhai City could be divided into three categories: upstream river type, downstream river type and reservoir type. The concentrations of total phosphorus, fecal coliform, sulfide and nitrate in reservoir type of water sources were lower than those in river type of water sources. The total phosphorus concentrations in the reservoir and river types of water sources were 0.01-0.04 and 0.04-0.12 mg/L, respectively; and the nitrate concentrations were 0.006-1 and 0.100-2 mg/L, respectively. The river type of water sources in the upstream were less affected by the salt tide. The concentrations of sulfate and chloride of river type of water sources in the downstream increased significantly in the dry season, and the water quality of the water source of the downstream in the wet season was similar to that of the upstream. Based on the above analysis result, water resources allocation measures are proposed: Firstly, the self-purification function of reservoir type of drinking water sources could be utilized by extending the hydraulic retention time, including increasing the utilization rate of the reservoir with large capacity and adjusting the connection mode between reservoirs and pumping stations. Secondly, the salt tide resistance function of upstream river type of drinking water sources could be utilized to ensure water salinity meeting the standard in the dry season. Lower cost advantage of downstream river type of drinking water source could be utilized and the water utilization proportion could be increased in the wet season. Furthermore, the pumping stations with lower total phosphorus and nitrate concentrations (such as total phosphorus concentration reaching the standard limit value of type Ⅲ of lake-reservoir type water sources) and closer to the urban area were preferentially selected for water supply. Through the implementation of the above measures, the consideration of water quality factors in water resource allocation is improved, and the impact of water resource scheduling on water quality and the risk of water quality exceeding standard are reduced.
- connected drinking water source /
- water quality characteristics /
- water resources regulation /
- nutrient salts /
- salinity

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图 1 珠海市水源分布及调水路线

Figure 1. Distribution of drinking water sources and water diversion route in Zhuhai City

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图 2 不同水源水质聚类谱系

Figure 2. Dendrogram of different drinking water sources clustering results

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图 3 典型判别函数计算得出的水源分布

Figure 3. Drinking water sources distribution map calculated by typical discriminant function

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图 4 水库型水源与河流型水源水质空间分布特征

Figure 4. Spatial distribution characteristics of water quality of reservoir and river type of water sources

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图 5 水库型水源水质显著性指标月度变化趋势

Figure 5. Monthly variation trend of significant index of reservoir type of water sources

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图 6 河流型水源水质显著性指标月度变化趋势

Figure 6. Monthly variation trend of significance index of river type of water sources

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表 1 2014—2018年珠海市水源水质监测结果统计

Table 1. Statistical description of monitoring results of source water quality in Zhuhai City from 2014 to 2018 mg/L　

水源名称		统计特征	水温¹⁾	pH²⁾	溶解氧	COD_Mn	BOD₅	氨氮	总磷	总氮	氟化物	砷	石油类	硫化物	粪大肠菌群^3）	硫酸盐	氯化物	硝酸盐	铁
水库型	大镜山水库	最小值	11.0	7.2	6.15	1.00	0.50	0.020	0.01	0.21	0.070	0.000 2	0.01	0.004 5	20	2.81	4.87	0.007	0.006
		最大值	34.0	8.9	8.56	4.30	3.20	0.401	0.05	1.79	0.650	0.002 1	0.04	0.021 0	2 650	88.25	36.2	2.080	0.275
		均值	24.6	8.1	6.90	2.20	1.94	0.171	0.02	0.60	0.174	0.000 8	0.02	0.008 6	288	20.79	13.3	0.252	0.079
		变异系数	0.20	0.03	0.08	0.37	0.29	0.60	0.61	0.66	0.51	0.59	0.38	0.42	1.76	0.68	0.47	1.19	0.89
	杨寮水库	最小值	11.0	7.1	5.95	1.05	0.50	0.036	0.01	0.21	0.085	0.000 1	0.01	0.005 0	15	4.56	4.46	0.006	0.005
		最大值	34.0	8.9	8.41	3.80	2.80	0.312	0.05	2.31	0.475	0.002 1	0.04	0.016 5	1800	67.45	22.75	2.055	0.249
		均值	24.5	8.1	6.85	2.06	1.82	0.143	0.02	0.57	0.181	0.000 6	0.02	0.008 6	267	18.35	11.08	0.267	0.070
		变异系数	0.20	0.03	0.08	0.34	0.31	0.47	0.59	0.73	0.42	0.75	0.41	0.42	1.53	0.65	0.40	1.26	0.92
	竹仙洞水库	最小值	11.5	7.2	6.10	1.00	0.50	0.022	0.01	0.12	0.105	0.000 2	0.01	0.004 5	20	6.70	5.33	0.080	0.010
		最大值	34.0	8.5	8.34	2.75	2.90	0.242	0.05	2.35	0.690	0.002 2	0.04	0.017 0	2300	58.05	29.0	2.085	0.220
		均值	24.5	8.0	6.92	1.93	1.80	0.121	0.02	0.74	0.194	0.001 0	0.02	0.009 0	365	22.66	12.44	0.470	0.101
		变异系数	0.20	0.03	0.07	0.24	0.32	0.45	0.66	0.88	0.49	0.51	0.36	0.41	1.32	0.47	0.41	1.19	0.65
	竹银水库	最小值	13.6	7.6	6.25	1.10	0.50	0.020	0.01	0.33	0.090	0.000 2	0.01	0.003 5	20	5.60	2.76	0.095	0.008
		最大值	30.5	8.7	8.45	3.00	3.40	0.234	0.05	2.09	0.545	0.002 6	0.04	0.021 5	3 350	66.45	28.7	1.515	0.275
		均值	24.4	8.1	6.90	1.98	1.92	0.133	0.02	0.65	0.171	0.000 9	0.02	0.008 8	660	22.77	8.67	0.390	0.109
		变异系数	0.19	0.03	0.07	0.30	0.34	0.46	0.56	0.75	0.51	0.47	0.38	0.48	1.05	0.53	0.58	1.05	0.79
	乾务水库	最小值	12.9	7.5	6.14	1.05	0.50	0.032	0.01	0.32	0.085	0.000 2	0.01	0.005 0	20	7.30	4.18	0.006	0.006
		最大值	30.5	8.7	8.88	3.10	3.00	0.364	0.04	2.39	0.605	0.001 4	0.04	0.023 0	1 800	65.80	90.4	1.480	0.200
		均值	23.9	8.1	7.06	2.00	1.88	0.142	0.02	0.69	0.172	0.000 6	0.02	0.009 6	280	22.39	13.24	0.368	0.056
		变异系数	0.20	0.03	0.08	0.28	0.29	0.54	0.50	0.75	0.56	0.49	0.40	0.48	1.61	0.60	0.98	1.06	0.87
河流型	竹洲头泵站	最小值	13.0	7.3	6.18	1.12	0.60	0.031	0.05	0.39	0.092	0.000 3	0.01	0.005 0	190	5.88	2.72	0.105	0.010
		最大值	31.7	8.6	9.11	3.65	2.80	0.318	0.09	2.73	0.652	0.003 1	0.04	0.022 3	1 767	60.17	40.10	2.068	0.271
		均值	24.4	8.0	6.91	2.25	2.01	0.170	0.06	1.13	0.175	0.001 1	0.03	0.012 8	1 410	24.14	9.65	0.843	0.128
		变异系数	0.20	0.03	0.08	0.34	0.32	0.49	0.18	0.71	0.54	0.52	0.35	0.26	0.25	0.51	0.78	0.93	0.66
	平岗泵站	最小值	13.3	7.4	6.13	1.12	0.65	0.039	0.05	0.35	0.092	0.000 2	0.01	0.005 0	375	5.17	2.68	0.112	0.010
		最大值	31.8	8.6	9.09	3.67	2.75	0.343	0.11	2.61	0.420	0.003 2	0.04	0.022 0	1 783	59.33	31.80	2.060	0.270
		均值	24.5	8.0	6.80	2.28	2.06	0.187	0.06	1.13	0.177	0.001 1	0.03	0.012 1	1371	24.75	8.62	0.842	0.135
		变异系数	0.20	0.02	0.08	0.39	0.32	0.55	0.18	0.69	0.42	0.58	0.34	0.30	0.27	0.50	0.58	0.93	0.60
	广昌泵站	最小值	12.0	7.5	5.85	1.15	0.50	0.020	0.05	0.37	0.037	0.000 3	0.01	0.005 5	69	7.33	3.96	0.108	0.010
		最大值	31.1	8.6	7.90	3.53	2.80	0.775	0.15	3.70	0.415	0.003 5	0.04	0.027 7	3867	238.7	248.3	2.090	0.270
		均值	24.5	7.9	6.65	2.31	2.09	0.210	0.08	1.20	0.193	0.001 3	0.03	0.014 6	1296	53.22	77.78	0.821	0.116
		变异系数	0.20	0.02	0.07	0.34	0.31	0.54	0.29	0.76	0.37	0.54	0.35	0.32	0.42	1.04	1.19	0.93	0.72
	黄杨河泵站	最小值	13.6	7.4	6.20	1.25	0.70	0.035	0.04	0.35	0.086	0.000 2	0.01	0.005 0	425	7.14	4.41	0.094	0.010
		最大值	32.5	8.4	9.11	3.60	2.78	0.362	0.14	2.55	0.465	0.002 6	0.04	0.042 0	1767	62.67	34.20	2.028	0.290
		均值	24.4	7.9	6.68	2.38	2.15	0.177	0.07	1.15	0.168	0.001 1	0.02	0.014 8	1360	25.84	11.47	0.835	0.151
		变异系数	0.20	0.03	0.07	0.34	0.27	0.50	0.20	0.71	0.44	0.51	0.37	0.33	0.24	0.52	0.54	0.93	0.61
1) 单位为℃；2）pH无量纲；3) 单位为个/L。

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表 2 水源水质分类判别回代验证结果

Table 2. Verification results of source water quality classification and discrimination

项目	组别	水质分组预测结果			合计
项目	组别	1	2	3	合计
水质组数/个	1	291	4	0	295
	2	0	179	1	180
	3	1	27	32	60
水质组数占比/%	1	98.6	1.4	0	100
	2	0	99.4	0.6	100
	3	1.7	45.0	53.3	100

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表 3 标准化判别函数载荷

Table 3. Standardized discriminant function load

指标	函数1	函数2
总磷	0.745^*	−0.110
粪大肠菌群	0.401^*	−0.277
硫化物	0.234^*	0.015
硝酸盐	0.159^*	−0.093
总氮	0.151^*	−0.040
砷	0.142^*	0.040
pH	−0.127^*	−0.013
氨氮	0.108^*	0.092
COD_Mn	0.077^*	−0.034
BOD₅	0.065^*	−0.020
氯化物	0.137	0.840^*
硫酸盐	0.121	0.487^*
铁	0.125	−0.189^*
溶解氧	−0.067	−0.088^*
氟化物	0.002	0.080^*
石油类	0.007	0.043^*
水温	0.003	0.005^*
注：载荷为每个变量与判别函数之间最大的绝对相关性计算值；指标依据函数内相关性绝对大小进行排序。*表示与函数相关性较大指标。

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