Ecological effects of land use transformation and its driving force based on production-living-ecological space: a case study of Suzhou City
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摘要:
为探索快速城市化背景下苏州市土地利用转型规律及其生态效应,利用苏州市1980年、2000年、2010年、2018年4期土地利用数据,按照生产、生态、生活(简称“三生”)土地利用主导功能分类,采用土地利用转移矩阵、生态环境质量指数、土地利用转型的生态贡献率等方法,定量分析了苏州市土地利用转型的模式及其生态效应,并通过最小二乘法回归揭示了生态环境质量演变的驱动机制。结果表明:1980—2018年,基于“三生”用地的土地利用转型表现为生产用地减少,生态用地少量增加,生活用地快速增加;苏州市生态环境质量指数从1980年的0.431 2降至2018年的0.413 9,整体生态环境质量有所下降。苏州市同时存在生态环境质量改善和恶化2种趋势,1980—2000年农业生产用地转变为水域生态用地和林地生态用地,是促使生态环境质量改善的主要因素,农业生产用地对水域生态用地的挤占、城镇和农村生活用地对农业生产用地的占用是导致生态环境质量恶化的主要原因;2000—2018年,农业生产用地转化为水域生态用地是生态环境质量改善的主要因素,城镇和农村生活用地对农业生产用地的挤占是导致生态环境质量恶化的重要原因。产业结构与能源结构的调整是苏州市生态环境质量改善的主要因素,而人口增加、不合理的经济发展模式、社会消费水平的提高等因素加大了生态环境保护的压力。
Abstract:To explore the law of land use transformation and its ecological effects in the context of rapid urbanization in Suzhou, using the land use data of the city for 4 periods in 1980, 2000, 2010 and 2018, and according to the classification of the dominant functions of production-ecological-living (PEL), the methods of the land use transfer matrix, ecological environment quality index, and ecological contribution rate of land use transformation were used to quantitatively analyze the pattern of land use transformation and its ecological effects in Suzhou City, and the driving mechanism of ecological environment quality evolution was revealed through least square regression. The results showed that: from 1980 to 2018, the transformation of land use in Suzhou City displayed a decrease in productive land use, a small increase in ecological land use, and a rapid increase in living land use; the quality index of Suzhou ecological environment decreased from 0.431 2 in 1980 to 0.4139 in 2018, and the overall ecological environment quality decreased. There were both trends of ecological environment improvement and deterioration in Suzhou City. In 1980-2000, the conversion of agricultural production land into watershed ecological land and woodland ecological land was the main factor contributing to the improvement of ecological environment quality. The crowding of agricultural production land into watershed ecological land and the occupation of agricultural production land by towns and rural living land were the main reasons for the deterioration of ecological environment quality. In 2000-2018, the conversion of agricultural production land into watershed ecological land was the main factor for the improvement of ecological environment quality, and the crowding of agricultural production land by towns and rural living land was an important reason for the deterioration of ecological environment quality. The adjustment of industrial structure and energy structure was the main factor for the improvement of ecological environment quality in Suzhou City, while the increase of population, unreasonable economic development mode, the increase of social consumption level and other factors increased the pressure on ecological environment protection.
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表 1 “三生”土地利用主导分类及生态环境质量赋值
Table 1. Dominant land use classification and ecological environment quality assignment of the PEL space
“三生”土地利用主导功能分类 三级地类生态
环境质量赋值一级地类 二级地类 三级地类 生产用地 农业生产用地 水田 0.30 旱地 0.25 工矿生产用地 其他建设用地 0.15 生态用地 林地生态用地 有林地 0.95 灌木地 0.65 疏林地 0.45 其他林地 0.40 牧草生态用地 高覆盖度草地 0.75 水域生态用地 河渠 0.55 湖泊 0.75 水库坑塘 0.55 滩涂 0.45 滩地 0.55 其他生态用地 沼泽地 0.65 裸土地 0.05 裸岩石质地 0.01 生活用地 农村生活用地 农村居民点 0.20 城镇生活用地 城镇用地 0.20 表 2 1980—2018年苏州市各类用地面积及变化
Table 2. Area and change of each type of land use from 1980 to 2018
km2 一级地类 二级地类 1980年 2000年 2010年 2018年 1980—2018年 生产用地 工矿生产用地 9.76 33.92 23.82 44.15 34.39 农业生产用地 4 949.88 4 341.95 2 975.15 2 848.72 −2 101.16 生活用地 农村生活用地 327.21 530.90 619.81 686.39 359.18 城镇生活用地 185.87 452.75 1 548.34 1718.35 1 532.48 生态用地 林地生态用地 198.85 186.25 182.53 178.22 −20.63 其他生态用地 4.02 4.75 8.10 4.74 0.72 牧草生态用地 29.09 21.76 19.06 83.30 54.21 水域生态用地 2704.82 2842.06 3037.52 2850.47 145.65 表 3 1980—2000年苏州市土地利用转移矩阵
Table 3. Land use transfer matrix of Suzhou City from 1980 to 2000
km2 二级地类 城镇生活用地 工矿生产用地 林地生态用地 牧草生态用地 农村生活用地 农业生产用地 其他生态用地 水域生态用地 城镇生活用地 174.04 0.06 0.33 — 0.19 10.17 — 1.05 工矿生产用地 0.18 8.01 0.17 0.03 0.32 0.76 — 0.30 林地生态用地 2.66 2.32 170.79 0.22 7.76 8.60 0.53 5.97 牧草生态用地 0.25 0.47 0.32 17.31 0.46 0.81 0.04 9.44 农村生活用地 2.91 0.50 2.31 0.10 236.53 81.80 0.12 2.91 农业生产用地 268.70 21.87 9.10 2.42 278.96 4176.05 0.10 191.45 其他生态用地 0.01 0.05 0.20 0.03 0.04 0.05 3.41 0.21 水域生态用地 3.98 0.64 3.05 1.65 6.48 61.08 0.56 2627.16 注:—表示未发生土地利用转型现象。 表 4 2000—2018年苏州市土地利用转移矩阵
Table 4. Land use transfer matrix of Suzhou City from 2000 to 2018
km2 二级地类 城镇生活用地 工矿生产用地 林地生态用地 牧草生态用地 农村生活用地 农业生产用地 其他生态用地 水域生态用地 城镇生活用地 412.72 0.03 0.02 0.00 36.89 2.68 0.00 0.41 工矿生产用地 26.27 2.86 0.89 0.00 2.83 0.18 0.00 0.90 林地生态用地 5.35 0.51 172.56 0.00 2.66 4.68 0.00 0.50 牧草生态用地 0.60 2.59 0.01 15.18 0.30 2.13 0.57 0.38 农村生活用地 191.40 0.61 0.30 0.45 293.35 32.30 0.00 12.50 农业生产用地 999.16 29.04 4.10 11.08 333.72 2751.55 0.79 212.52 其他生态用地 0.07 — 0.29 0.00 0.66 — 3.06 0.66 水域生态用地 82.78 8.52 0.07 56.60 15.98 55.20 0.32 2622.59 注:同表3。 表 5 苏州各区(市)1980—2018年生态环境质量指数
Table 5. Ecological environment quality index of different districts (cities) in Suzhou City in 1980-2018
年份 苏州市 常熟市 姑苏区 虎丘区 昆山市 太仓市 吴江区 吴中区 相城区 张家港市 1980 0.431 2 0.333 0 0.251 3 0.392 3 0.339 2 0.299 8 0.375 6 0.621 4 0.398 3 0.335 6 2000 0.430 6 0.329 3 0.232 1 0.370 6 0.340 9 0.297 5 0.381 1 0.619 5 0.396 0 0.327 5 2010 0.421 6 0.324 9 0.221 7 0.3495 0.336 7 0.279 8 0.374 7 0.610 7 0.384 8 0.313 7 2018 0.413 9 0.314 4 0.221 7 0.340 9 0.321 5 0.278 8 0.371 3 0.607 9 0.373 4 0.294 8 -
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