嘉兴市大气PM<sub>2.5</sub>中金属元素污染特征、生态风险评价及来源分析

熊传芳; 张征宇; 万梅; 唐倩; 张颖龙; 杨晓霞

doi:10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210487

嘉兴市大气PM_2.5中金属元素污染特征、生态风险评价及来源分析

doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210487

熊传芳^{1, 2,},
张征宇³,
万梅³,
唐倩⁴,
张颖龙⁵,
杨晓霞^2, ,

1.
嘉兴市生态环境应急监控与事故调查中心
2.
嘉兴市生态环境局
3.
浙江清华长三角研究院
4.
浙江省生态环境监测中心
5.
浙江省嘉兴生态环境监测中心

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFC0213804)

详细信息

作者简介:
熊传芳(1992—)，女，硕士，主要从事大气污染防治研究，1004892001@qq.com

通讯作者:
杨晓霞(1968—)，女，高级工程师，主要从事大气污染防治研究，561343595@qq.com

中图分类号: X513
计量
- 文章访问数: 376
- HTML全文浏览量: 176
- PDF下载量: 40
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-09-07

Pollution characteristics, ecological risk assessment and source apportionment of mental elements in PM_2.5 in Jiaxing City

1.
Jiaxing Eco-Environmental Emergency Monitoring and Accident Investigation Center
2.
Jiaxing Ecology and Environment Bureau
3.
Yangtze Delta Region Research Institute of Tsinghua University
4.
Zhejiang Eco-Environmental Monitoring Center
5.
Jiaxing Eco-Environmental Monitoring Center of Zhejiang Province

摘要

摘要:
为研究嘉兴市大气PM_2.5中金属元素的污染特征、生态风险和污染来源，使用嘉兴市善西超级站的24 h在线监测数据，对2019年3月1日—2020年2月29日嘉兴市大气PM_2.5和其中12种金属元素（K、Ca、Fe、Zn、Mn、Cd、Pb、Cr、Ni、Ba、Cu、V）进行分析。结果表明：观测期间嘉兴市PM_2.5平均浓度为30.94 μg/m³，优于GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准（35 μg/m³），PM_2.5浓度季节分布为冬季>春季>秋季>夏季。金属元素总浓度为1.36 μg/m³，从高到低分别为K>Fe>Zn>Ca>Mn>Pb>Ba>Cu>Cr>Ni>Cd>V，其中Fe、Zn浓度的变化受到新型冠状病毒感染疫情暴发和春节的影响。随着大气污染程度的加重，PM_2.5中金属元素总浓度和各金属元素浓度都呈上升趋势，但大多数金属元素在PM_2.5中的占比呈下降趋势。富集因子法表明，K、Ca、Fe、Ba、V不存在富集，Zn、Cd存在极重富集。地累积指数结果显示，Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd受到人为源的影响较大。由金属元素的生态风险指数可知，Mn、Cr、Ni存在轻微潜在生态风险，Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd的生态风险较大。通过主成分分析得出，嘉兴市PM_2.5中金属元素主要来自工业源、燃煤源、交通源和自然源。
- PM_2.5 /
- 金属元素 /
- 富集因子 /
- 地累积指数 /
- 生态风险
Abstract:
In order to study the pollution characteristics, ecological risks and pollution sources of metal elements in PM_2.5 in Jiaxing, the 24-hour online monitoring data of Shanxi (SX) site in Jiaxing City from March 1, 2019 to February 29, 2020 were collected to investigate PM_2.5 and 12 metal elements (K, Ca, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Ba, Cu and V) in PM_2.5 samples. The results indicated that the average concentration of PM_2.5 was 30.94 μg/m³ during the sampling period, which was better than the secondary concentration standard of Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB 3095-2012) (PM_2.5, 35 μg/m³). PM_2.5 concentrations in the samples were in the following order: winter > spring > autumn > summer. Meanwhile, the concentrations of metal elements were ranked as follows: K > Fe > Zn > Ca > Mn > Pb > Ba > Cu > Cr > Ni > Cd > V (the total concentration being 1.36 μg/m³), in which concentrations of Fe and Zn were affected by the COVID-19 outbreak and the Spring Festival. It was found that both the total metal concentration and each metal element concentration in PM_2.5 increased with the pollution increasing, while the proportion of most metal elements in PM_2.5 decreased. The enrichment factor (EF) method results indicated that K, Ca, Fe, Ba and V were considered almost with no elements enrichment, while Zn and Cd showed extremely heavy enrichment. The geoaccumulation index (I_geo) results implied that Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd were strongly influenced by anthropogenic activities. In addition, the ecological risk index (E_i) results of mental elements indicated that Mn, Cr and Ni showed slight ecological risk, and Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd showed high ecological risk. In addition, the principal component analysis indicated that industrial processes, coal combustion, vehicle traffic and crustal sources were the main sources of these metal elements in PM_2.5 in Jiaxing City.
- PM_2.5 /
- mental elements /
- enrichment factor /
- geoaccumulation index /
- ecological risk

HTML全文

图 1 嘉兴市不同季节PM_2.5浓度变化

Figure 1. Seasonal distribution characteristics of PM_2.5in Jiaxing

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 嘉兴市PM_2.5中金属元素浓度的季节变化

Figure 2. Seasonal distribution characteristics of the concentration of the metal elements in PM_2.5in Jiaxing

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 不同污染情况下各金属元素的平均浓度

Figure 3. Average concentration of various metal elements under different pollution conditions

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 不同污染情况下各金属元素在PM_2.5中的占比

Figure 4. Proportion of various metal elements in PM_2.5 under different pollution conditions

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 I_geo的季节变化

Figure 5. Seasonal distribution characteristics of geoaccumulation index

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 元素富集程度分级

Table 1. Elements enrichment and pollution classification

EF	污染级别	富集程度
<1	0	无
1~2	1	轻度
2~5	2	中度
5~20	3	重度
20~40	4	严重
≥40	5	极重

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 地累积指数分级

Table 2. Contamination degree corresponding to geoaccumulation index

I_geo	污染程度
≤0	无
0~1	轻度
1~2	偏中度
2~3	中度
3~4	偏重
4~5	重
>5	严重

下载: 导出CSV

表 3 潜在生态风险评价分级

Table 3. Classification criteria for potential ecological risk index

E_i	生态风险等级
<40	轻微
40~80	中
80~160	较强
160~320	强
≥320	极强

下载: 导出CSV

表 4 各城市不同季节PM_2.5浓度

Table 4. Seasonal distribution characteristics of PM_2.5 in different cities μg/m³　

季节	嘉兴市	北京市	天津市	杭州市	上海市	苏州市	广州市	成都市
春季	35.72	45.67	48.00	38.67	41.33	44.33	24.67	39.00
夏季	22.48	33.00	36.33	24.67	26.33	23.33	19.33	24.33
秋季	29.16	40.00	47.33	34.67	26.33	32.67	37.00	36.00
冬季	36.48	55.00	74.33	40.67	45.67	50.33	31.67	66.33
年均值	30.94	43.42	51.50	34.67	34.92	37.67	28.17	41.42
注：除嘉兴市外，其他城市数据来自中国空气质量在线监测分析平台（https://www.aqistudy.cn/historydata/）。

下载: 导出CSV

表 5 各城市PM_2.5中金属元素的平均浓度

Table 5. Average concentration of the metal elements in PM_2.5 in different cities

城市	时间	PM_2.5浓度/ (μg/m³)	PM_2.5中金属元素浓度/(ng/m³)												金属元素占比/%
城市	时间	PM_2.5浓度/ (μg/m³)	K	Ca	Fe	Zn	Mn	Cd	Pb	Cr	Ni	Ba	Cu	V	金属元素占比/%
嘉兴市	2019年3月—2020年2月	30.94	499.93	154.49	373.09	216.58	36.21	3.93	27.57	5.57	4.2	26.44	11.75	2.84	4.4
长沙市^[3]	2014年8月	45				132.2	8	0.7	21.1	6	2.8		8.6	8
北京市^[26]	2006年11月	131.6			897	239	46		137				42
温州市^[16]	2015年	83.6	1 730	800	910	510	52.8	4.96	63	37.7	12.1		31.4	5.13	5
济南市^[22]	2016年10月—2017年9月	77.1		996.1	655.1	116.4	29.1	1.9	64.1	5.2	0.9	20.3	16.8
保定市^[23]	2017年冬季	175.93				269.55	19.43	1.8	109.62	3.66	1.49		25.38	5.77
保定市^[23]	2017年夏季	48.05				101.69	11.18	0.73	29.59	6.17	1.47		23.01	2.73
武汉市^[27]	2012—2013年	106.5	1 530	4 300	1 680	290.78	97.28	4.27	158.4	7.91	4.8		25.27		7.6
南昌市^[28]	2013年9月	45.72	734	1 209	571	279	43	5	106	20	150	325	19	9	7.6
东莞市^[29]	2019年1月—2020年2月	35.8	502.8	130.8	290.1	109.8	19	0.7	17.9	4.6	1.9	3.8	11.7	2.2	3.1
广州市^[29]	2019年1月—2020年2月	40.3	555	216	276	161	20	1.1	37	9	5.8	9	32	9	3.3

下载: 导出CSV

表 6 嘉兴市PM_2.5中金属元素的富集因子

Table 6. Enrichment factor of the mental elements in PM_2.5in Jiaxing

金属元素	各季节EF				平均EF	富集程度
金属元素	春季	夏季	秋季	冬季	平均EF	富集程度
K	0.30	0.23	0.31	0.49	0.34	无
Ca	0.18	0.16	0.18	0.12	0.16	无
Fe	0.19	0.17	0.22	0.19	0.20	无
Zn	34.12	41.57	45.64	43.13	40.90	极重
Mn	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Cd	432.72	590.27	395.53	468.21	458.95	极重
Pb	15.66	13.70	14.98	22.68	16.86	重度
Cr	1.08	1.06	1.35	1.49	1.25	轻度
Ni	2.18	2.62	1.78	1.90	2.07	中度
Ba	0.74	0.70	0.76	0.90	0.78	无
Cu	9.15	9.56	8.33	10.94	9.43	重度
V	0.67	1.03	0.35	0.08	0.50	无
注：Mn为参比元素。

下载: 导出CSV

表 7 嘉兴市PM_2.5中金属元素的生态风险指数

Table 7. Ecological risk index of the mental elements in PM_2.5in Jiaxing

金属元素	嘉兴市						北京市^[18]		东莞市^[34]
金属元素	春季E_i	夏季E_i	秋季E_i	冬季E_i	平均E_i	生态风险等级	城区E_i	生态风险等级	冬季E_i	生态风险等级
Zn	88.62	100.85	136.96	91.10	102.95	较强	32.07	轻微
Mn	5.20	4.85	6.00	4.22	5.03	轻微	1.13	轻微
Cd	33 721.84	42 960.23	35 611.50	29 668.22	34 654.78	极强	7 976.54	极强	40 684	极强
Pb	203.42	166.17	224.77	239.57	212.18	强	216.92	强	273	很强
Cr	5.59	5.16	8.12	6.30	6.31	轻微	5.00	轻微	5	轻微
Ni	28.28	31.78	26.66	20.05	26.10	轻微	28.69	轻微	10	轻微
Cu	118.80	115.98	125.06	115.50	118.73	较强	89.47	较强

下载: 导出CSV

表 8 嘉兴市PM_2.5中金属元素的主成分分析矩阵

Table 8. Principal component analysis of the mental elements in PM_2.5 in Jiaxing

项目	主成分1	主成分2	主成分3
K	0.70	−0.55	0.19
Ca	0.66	−0.16	0.41
Fe	0.90	−0.03	0.09
Zn	0.52	0.38	−0.33
Mn	0.88	0.25	−0.11
Cd	0.35	0.12	−0.31
Pb	0.82	−0.12	−0.25
Cr	0.75	0.15	−0.35
Ni	0.61	0.64	0.24
Ba	0.69	−0.46	0.42
Cu	0.84	−0.01	−0.07
V	−0.04	0.75	0.56
特征值	5.69	1.77	1.17
方差贡献率/%	47.39	14.77	9.76
累计方差贡献率/%	47.39	62.16	71.92

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(42)

[1]	LIU X H, JIANG N, ZHANG R Q, et al. Composition analysis of PM_2.5 at multiple sites in Zhengzhou, China: implications for characterization and source apportionment at different pollution levels[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2021,28(42):59329-59344. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-10943-5
[2]	BEHERA S N, SHARMA M. Investigating the potential role of ammonia in ion chemistry of fine particulate matter formation for an urban environment[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2010,408(17):3569-3575.
[3]	谢忱, 张文杰, 杨文, 等.湖南省典型城市PM₁₀和PM_2.5及其载带重金属的污染特征和健康风险研究[J]. 环境工程技术学报,2016,6(2):147-156. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2016.02.022 XIE C, ZHANG W J, YANG W, et al. Pollution characteristics and health risk analysis of heavy metals in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in typical cities in Hunan Province[J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology,2016,6(2):147-156. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2016.02.022
[4]	田春晖, 杨若杼, 古丽扎尔·依力哈木, 等.南京市大气降尘重金属污染水平及风险评价[J]. 环境科学,2018,39(7):3118-3125. TIAN C H, YANG R Z, GULIZHAER Y, et al. Pollution levels and risk assessment of heavy metals from atmospheric deposition in Nanjing[J]. Environmental Science,2018,39(7):3118-3125.
[5]	江华亮, 王宗爽, 武雪芳, 等.我国大气PM_2.5中砷的污染特征、来源及控制[J]. 环境工程技术学报,2015,5(6):464-470. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2015.06.073 JIANG H L, WANG Z S, WU X F, et al. Pollution characteristics, sources and control of arsenic in PM_2.5 in China[J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology,2015,5(6):464-470. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2015.06.073
[6]	方波, 曾豪, 张磊, 等.曹妃甸采暖期和非采暖期PM_2.5中不同重金属元素污染特征及健康风险评价[J]. 环境科学研究,2020,33(12):2785-2793. FANG B, ZENG H, ZHANG L, et al. Characteristics and health risk assessment of different heavy metals in PM_2.5 during heating period and non-heating period in Caofeidian[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2020,33(12):2785-2793.
[7]	王橹玺, 李慧, 张文杰, 等.大气PM_2.5载带重金属的区域污染特征研究[J]. 环境科学研究,2021,34(4):849-862. WANG L X, LI H, ZHANG W J, et al. Regional pollution characteristics of heavy metals in PM_2.5[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2021,34(4):849-862.
[8]	李金.应用地质累积指数评价鞍山市秋季PM_2.5中元素的污染状况[J]. 环境工程技术学报,2017,7(1):46-51. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2017.01.007 LI J. Applying of geoaccumulation index to evaluate elements pollution in PM_2.5 in Anshan during autumn[J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology,2017,7(1):46-51. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2017.01.007
[9]	WANG Z S, WU T, SHI G L, et al. Potential source analysis for PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in autumn in a northern city in China[J]. Aerosol and Air Quality Research,2012,12(1):39-48. doi: 10.4209/aaqr.2011.04.0045
[10]	郑灿利, 范雪璐, 董娴, 等.贵阳市秋冬季PM_2.5中重金属污染特征、来源解析及健康风险评估[J]. 环境科学研究,2020,33(6):1376-1383. ZHENG C L, FAN X L, DONG X, et al. Characteristics, sources and health risk assessment of heavy metals in PM_2.5 collected between autumn and winter in Guiyang City[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2020,33(6):1376-1383.
[11]	张晓勇, 徐虹, 吴建会, 等.天津市夏季PM₁₀浓度及组成元素垂直分布特征[J]. 安全与环境学报,2015,15(1):301-305. ZHANG X Y, XU H, WU J H, et al. Vertical distribution characteristics of PM₁₀ concentration and elemental components in Tianjin in summer[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment,2015,15(1):301-305.
[12]	李秀镇, 盛立芳, 徐华, 等.青岛市大气PM_2.5元素组成及来源研究[J]. 环境科学,2012,33(5):1438-1445. LI X Z, SHENG L F, XU H, et al. Element compositions and source of PM_2.5 aerosols in Qingdao[J]. Environmental Science,2012,33(5):1438-1445.
[13]	成杭新, 李括, 李敏, 等.中国城市土壤化学元素的背景值与基准值[J]. 地学前缘,2014,21(3):265-306. CHENG H X, LI K, LI M, et al. Geochemical background and baseline value of chemical elements in urban soil in China[J]. Earth Science Frontiers,2014,21(3):265-306.
[14]	赵珍丽, 赵委托, 黄庭, 等.电镀厂周边大气PM₁₀中重金属季节性分布特征及生态风险评价[J]. 环境科学,2018,39(1):18-26. ZHAO Z L, ZHAO W T, HUANG T, et al. Seasonal characteristics and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in PM₁₀ around electroplating plants[J]. Environmental Science,2018,39(1):18-26.
[15]	MÜLLER G. Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River[J]. Geology Journal,1969,2:108-118.
[16]	郑元铸, 葛琳琳, 郑旭军, 等.温州市区PM_2.5无机元素污染特征及来源分析[J]. 环境化学,2017,36(1):84-91. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2017.01.2016051802 ZHENG Y Z, GE L L, ZHENG X J, et al. Characteristics and source apportionment of inorganic elements in PM_2.5 in Wenzhou, Zhejiang[J]. Environmental Chemistry,2017,36(1):84-91. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2017.01.2016051802
[17]	张静, 姬亚芹, 王伟, 等.应用地累积指数评价鞍山市夏季PM_2.5中元素的污染[J]. 环境工程学报,2016,10(5):2551-2556. ZHANG J, JI Y Q, WANG W, et al. Applying the geoaccumulation index to evaluate element pollution of PM_2.5 in Anshan City during summer[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2016,10(5):2551-2556.
[18]	徐静, 李杏茹, 张兰, 等.北京城郊PM_2.5中金属元素的污染特征及潜在生态风险评价[J]. 环境科学,2019,40(6):2501-2509. XU J, LI X R, ZHANG L, et al. Concentration and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in PM_2.5 collected in urban and suburban areas of Beijing[J]. Environmental Science,2019,40(6):2501-2509.
[19]	HAKANSON L. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. a sedimentological approach[J]. Water Research,1980,14(8):975-1001.
[20]	胡恭任, 戚红璐, 于瑞莲, 等.大气降尘中重金属形态分析及生态风险评价[J]. 有色金属,2011,63(2):286-291. HU G R, QI H L, YU R L, et al. Speciation analysis of heavy metal in atmospheric dust and ecological risk assessment[J]. Nonferrous Metals,2011,63(2):286-291.
[21]	徐争启, 倪师军, 庹先国, 等.潜在生态危害指数法评价中重金属毒性系数计算[J]. 环境科学与技术,2008,31(2):112-115. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6504.2008.02.030 XU Z Q, NI S J, TUO X G, et al. Calculation of heavy metals' toxicity coefficient in the evaluation of potential ecological risk index[J]. Environmental Science & Technology,2008,31(2):112-115. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6504.2008.02.030
[22]	夏志勇, 侯鲁健, 高素莲, 等.济南市PM_2.5中金属元素的污染特征、潜在生态风险及来源分析[J]. 生态环境学报,2020,29(5):971-976. XIA Z Y, HOU L J, GAO S L, et al. Pollution characteristics, ecological risk and source analysis of metal elements in PM_2.5 in Jinan[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2020,29(5):971-976.
[23]	孟晓郁, 王慧杰, 田晓, 等.保定空气PM_2.5中金属元素特征及健康风险评价[J]. 环境科学与技术,2020,43(4):199-207. MENG X Y, WANG H J, TIAN X, et al. Characteristics of metal elements and health risk assessment in PM_2.5 of Baoding[J]. Environmental Science & Technology,2020,43(4):199-207.
[24]	贺博文, 聂赛赛, 王帅, 等.承德市PM_2.5中碳质组分的季节分布特征及来源解析[J]. 环境科学,2021,42(11):5152-5161. HE B W, NIE S S, WANG S, et al. Seasonal variation and source apportionment of carbonaceous species in PM_2.5 in Chengde[J]. Environmental Science,2021,42(11):5152-5161.
[25]	雷建容, 云龙, 苏翠平, 等.深圳城市大气PM_2.5中金属元素的在线测量与来源特征[J]. 环境科学学报,2019,39(1):80-85. LEI J R, YUN L, SU C P, et al. On-line measurement and source characteristics of metals in PM_2.5 urban Shenzhen[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2019,39(1):80-85.
[26]	杨勇杰, 王跃思, 温天雪, 等.采暖期开始前后北京大气颗粒物中化学元素特征及来源[J]. 环境科学,2008,29(11):3275-3279. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0250-3301.2008.11.049 YANG Y J, WANG Y S, WEN T X, et al. Characteristics and sources of elements of atmospheric particles before and in heating period in Beijing[J]. Environmental Science,2008,29(11):3275-3279. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0250-3301.2008.11.049
[27]	ZHAO P S, DONG F, HE D, et al. Characteristics of concentrations and chemical compositions for PM_2.5 in the region of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei, China[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2013,13(9):4631-4644. doi: 10.5194/acp-13-4631-2013
[28]	林晓辉, 赵阳, 樊孝俊, 等.南昌市秋季大气PM_2.5中金属元素富集特征及来源分析[J]. 环境科学,2016,37(1):35-40. LIN X H, ZHAO Y, FAN X J, et al. Enrichment characteristics and source analysis of metal elements in PM_2.5 in autumn in Nanchang City[J]. Environmental Science,2016,37(1):35-40.
[29]	徐伟嘉, 林满, 岳玎利, 等.东莞大气PM_2.5中金属元素污染特征与生态风险[J]. 环境科学与技术,2021,44(增刊 1):155-160. XU W J, LIN M, YUE D L, et al. The pollution characteristic and ecological risk of atmospheric fine-particle-bound metals in Dongguan[J]. Environmental Science & Technology,2021,44(Suppl 1):155-160.
[30]	刘晓琳, 王雪梅, 张仁健, 等.太原市冬季气溶胶污染特征及来源分析[J]. 中国科学院研究生院学报,2006,23(4):494-499. LIU X L, WANG X M, ZHANG R J, et al. Analysis on the sources and characteristics of particles in winter in Taiyuan[J]. Journal of the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,2006,23(4):494-499.
[31]	LOUGH G C, SCHAUER J J, PARK J S, et al. Emissions of metals associated with motor vehicle roadways[J]. Environmental Science & Technology,2005,39(3):826-836.
[32]	郑玫, 张延君, 闫才青, 等.中国PM_2.5来源解析方法综述[J]. 北京大学学报(自然科学版),2014,50(6):1141-1154. ZHENG M, ZHANG Y J, YAN C Q, et al. Review of PM_2.5 source apportionment methods in China[J]. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2014,50(6):1141-1154.
[33]	陈晓静, 祁建华, 刘宁, 等.青岛近海不同天气状况下大气气溶胶中金属元素浓度分布特征研究[J]. 环境科学,2014,35(10):3651-3662. CHEN X J, QI J H, LIU N, et al. Concentration distribution of metal elements in atmospheric aerosol under different weather conditions in Qingdao coastal region[J]. Environmental Science,2014,35(10):3651-3662.
[34]	邵瑞华, 苏晨曦, 范芳, 等.珠三角地区环境空气PM_2.5中重金属生态风险评估[J]. 环境科学与技术,2019,42(增刊 1):273-279. SHAO R H, SU C X, FAN F, et al. Ecological risk assessment of heavy metalsin ambient air PM_2.5 in the Pearl River Delta region[J]. Environmental Science & Technology,2019,42(Suppl 1):273-279.
[35]	赵莉斯, 于瑞莲, 徐玲玲, 等.厦门海沧区PM_2.5中金属元素污染评价及来源分析[J]. 环境科学,2017,38(10):4061-4070. ZHAO L S, YU R L, XU L L, et al. Pollution assessment and source analysis of metals in PM_2.5 in Haicang district, Xiamen City, China[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(10):4061-4070.
[36]	TAIWO A M, HARRISON R M, SHI Z B. A review of receptor modelling of industrially emitted particulate matter[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2014,97:109-120. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.07.051
[37]	KONG S F, JI Y Q, LU B, et al. Characterization of PM₁₀ source profiles for fugitive dust in Fushun: a city famous for coal[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(30):5351-5365. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.06.050
[38]	DUAN J C, TAN J H. Atmospheric heavy metals and Arsenic in China: situation, sources and control policies[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2013,74:93-101. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.03.031
[39]	杨复沫, 贺克斌, 马永亮, 等.北京大气PM_2.5中微量元素的浓度变化特征与来源[J]. 环境科学,2003,24(6):33-37. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0250-3301.2003.06.005 YANG F M, HE K B, MA Y L, et al. Characteristics and sources of trace elements in ambient PM_2.5 in Beijing[J]. Environmental Science,2003,24(6):33-37. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0250-3301.2003.06.005
[40]	徐青.上海市浦东新区大气细颗粒物中重金属污染特征及来源解析[J]. 环境监控与预警,2020,12(1):44-51. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6732.2020.01.009 XU Q. Characteristics and sources of heavy metals in air fine particulate matter in Pudong new area, Shanghai[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Forewarning,2020,12(1):44-51. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6732.2020.01.009
[41]	肖笑, 李成, 叶潇, 等.内河船舶大气污染物排放特征实测研究[J]. 环境科学学报,2019,39(1):13-24. XIAO X, LI C, YE X, et al. Emission characteristics of gas- and particle- phase pollutants from river vessels in cruising mode[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2019,39(1):13-24.
[42]	任万辉, 李云丹, 苏枞枞, 等.沈阳市大气PM_2.5中重金属污染特征、来源解析及健康风险评价[J]. 环境化学,2021,40(4):1029-1037. REN W H, LI Y D, SU C C, et al. Pollution characteristics, source apportionment and health risk assessment of heavy metals in PM_2.5 in Shenyang[J]. Environmental Chemistry,2021,40(4):1029-1037. □