邛海流域设施葡萄园土壤养分与地下水污染特征研究

廖思远; 秦延文; 刘志超; 杨晨晨; 时瑶; 马迎群; 肖克彦; 林颖美

doi:10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210497

邛海流域设施葡萄园土壤养分与地下水污染特征研究

doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210497

1.
中国环境科学研究院水环境管理研究室
2.
西昌生态环境监测站

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目（2021YFC3201505）

详细信息

作者简介:
廖思远（1997—），男，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为水环境化学，lsy505101224@163.com

通讯作者:
秦延文（1973—），女，研究员，博士，主要研究方向为环境水污染化学，qinyw@craes.org.cn

中图分类号: X52,X53
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- 文章访问数: 299
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-09-10
- 网络出版日期: 2022-04-02

Characteristics of soil nutrients and groundwater pollution of greenhouse vineyards in Qionghai Lake Basin

1.
Water Environmental Management and Research Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences
2.
Xichang Environmental Monitoring Station

摘要

摘要: 为揭示邛海流域设施葡萄园土壤养分的累积状况与地下水的污染特征，选取邛海北岸典型设施葡萄种植区为研究区域，采集不同种植年限的设施葡萄园和普通农田表层土壤以及相应区域地下水进行分析，并采用相关性分析方法探讨葡萄园表层土壤中氮、磷浓度，土壤理化性质与种植年限之间的关系。结果表明：设施葡萄园表层土壤中速效氮浓度平均为0.702 g/kg，速效磷浓度平均为0.135 g/kg，分别是背景（未耕作）土壤的8.2倍和6.5倍；土壤中总氮和总磷浓度与种植年限呈显著正相关，氮、磷养分会随着种植年限的增加在土壤中累积，且由于种植过程中磷肥的长期大量施用，土壤中磷素累积显著；设施葡萄园土壤pH与其养分浓度呈显著负相关，土壤电导率与其养分浓度呈显著正相关，氮、磷肥料的大量施用会加重土壤的酸化和盐渍化程度；设施葡萄园土壤养分淋失主要以硝态氮为主，地下水中硝酸盐浓度随着种植年限的增加而升高，对邛海水质存在潜在污染风险。
- 设施葡萄 /
- 土壤养分 /
- 氮、磷流失 /
- 种植年限 /
- 邛海流域
Abstract: A typical grape-planting area on the north bank of Qionghai Lake was selected as the research area to reveal the accumulation of nutrients in soil and the pollution characteristics of groundwater in greenhouse vineyards in Qionghai Lake Basin. Surface soil of the greenhouse vineyards and ordinary farmland with different planting years as well as the groundwater in the corresponding area were collected for analysis. The correlation analysis method was applied to explore the relationship between the content of nitrogen and phosphorus in the top soil of vineyards, the physical and chemical properties of soil, and the planting years. The results demonstrated that the average contents of available nitrogen (AN) and available phosphorus (AP) in the surface soil of the study area were 0.702 and 0.135 g/kg, which were 8.2 and 6.5 times of the background (uncultivated) soil, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) concentration and planting years. Both nitrogen and phosphorus accumulated in soil with the increase of planting years, and the accumulation of phosphorus was severe, which was related to the long-term application of phosphorus fertilizer in the process of planting. Meanwhile, there existed a significantly negative correlation between pH and nutrient content in soil of the facility vineyards, and a significantly positive correlation between the soil electrical conductivity (EC) with its nutrient concentration. The large application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer would aggravate the degree of soil acidification and salinization. The nutrient leaching loss in the soil of the facility vineyards was mainly nitrate nitrogen, and the nitrate content in the groundwater increased with the increase of planting years, which posed a potential risk of pollution to the quality of Qionghai Lake.
- greenhouse vineyard /
- soil nutrients /
- nitrogen and phosphorus loss /
- planting years /
- Qionghai Lake Basin

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图 1 研究区采样点分布

Figure 1. Distribution of sampling points in the study area

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图 2 研究区土壤粒径分布

Figure 2. Distribution of soil particle size in the study area

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图 3 研究区土壤中氮、磷浓度特征

Figure 3. Characteristics of N and P concentrations in soil in the study area

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图 4 研究区地下水中氮、磷浓度特征

Figure 4. Characteristics of N and P concentrations in the groundwater of the study area

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表 1 采样点编号及样品类型

Table 1. Label of sampling points and types of samples

样品类型	采样点编号	种植年限/a
设施葡萄园土壤（地下水）	G1(g1)	1
	G2(g2)	2
	G5(g5)	5
	G6(g6)	6
	G7(g7)	7
	G12(g12)	12
	G16(g16)	16
背景土壤	C0
普通农田（地下水）	C1(c1)
井水	#1
井水	#2
注：括号内为地下水样品编号。

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表 2 全国第二次土壤普查分级标准

Table 2. Classification standards of soil fertility posed by the 2nd National Soil Survey

分级	OM浓度/ (g/kg)	TN浓度/ (g/kg)	AN浓度/ (mg/kg)	AP浓度/ (mg/kg)
一级(极高)	>40	>2	>150	>40
二级(高)	30~40	1.5~2	120~150	20~40
三级(中上)	20~30	1~1.5	90~120	10~20
四级(中)	10~20	0.75~1	60~90	5~10
五级(低)	6~10	0.50~0.75	30~60	3~5
六级(极低)	<6	<0.5	<30	<3

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表 3 研究区土壤pH、EC测定结果

Table 3. Measurement results of soil pH and EC in the study area

土壤类型	采样点	pH	EC/(mS/cm)
背景土壤	C0	7.51±0.11 a	0.11
普通农田土壤	C1	6.74±0.13 b	0.43
设施葡萄园土壤	G1	6.58±0.12 b	2.99
	G2	6.12±0.15 c	2.09
	G5	5.74±0.09 d	5.11
	G6	5.59±0.08 d	6.80
	G7	5.93±0.13 cd	6.98
	G12	6.03±0.15 cd	6.52
	G16	5.79±0.12 cd	7.29
注：相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)，不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

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表 4 研究区土壤养分浓度测定结果

Table 4. Measurement results of soil nutrient concentration in the study area

土壤类型	采样点	OM浓度/%	TN浓度/(g/kg)	TP浓度/(g/kg)	AN浓度/(mg/kg)	AP浓度/(mg/kg)
背景土壤	C0	0.90±0.01	0.51±0.05	0.57±0.03	85.67±6.51	20.72±1.21
普通农田土壤	C1	1.15±0.01	1.17±0.12	0.87±0.08	338.14±22.43	56.11±1.55
设施葡萄园土壤	G1	3.04±0.03	2.16±0.18	1.94±0.14	713.47±36.44	133.66±6.32
	G2	2.88±0.08	1.66±0.11	1.56±0.04	678.44±28.16	151.91±10.04
	G5	2.56±0.11	2.10±0.16	1.96±0.02	676.15±19.50	113.62±5.02
	G6	2.73±0.13	1.80±0.09	1.68±0.08	672.84±17.83	111.78±6.84
	G7	2.23±0.06	1.91±0.07	2.12±0.13	714.61±11.32	141.06±5.26
	G12	3.16±0.09	2.53±0.17	2.35±0.12	788.36±23.21	146.33±7.19
	G16	2.80±0.15	2.61±0.15	2.29±0.12	668.76±18.67	145.37±4.62

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表 5 设施农业不同种植类型区土壤氮、磷浓度对比

Table 5. Comparison of TN and TP concentrations in the soil of different planting types of protected agriculture

设施类型	种植区	TN浓度/(g/kg)	TP浓度/(g/kg)	AN浓度/(mg/kg)	AP浓度/(mg/kg)	TN/TP	数据来源
设施蔬菜	陕西省设施蔬菜基地	1.160	1.403		140	0.83	文献[29]
	安徽省淮南市谢家集乡	1.465	0.531	146	46	2.76	文献[30]
	江苏省南京市	1.680	1.290		180	1.30	文献[31]
	云南省昆明市晋宁县	2.091	1.400	236	272	1.49	文献[32]
设施葡萄	湖北省恩施市来凤县	1.370	0.870	120	32	1.57	文献[33]
	云南省干热河谷4县	1.700	0.900	230	78	1.89	文献[34]
	广西壮族自治区桂林市	2.359	1.036	235	91	2.28	文献[35]
	四川省西昌市川兴镇	2.109	1.986	702	135	1.06	本研究

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表 6 设施农业不同种植类型区土壤氮、磷施肥量对比

Table 6. Comparison of N and P fertilization quantity in the soil of different planting types of protected agriculture

设施类型	种植区	氮肥施用量/ (kg/hm²)	磷肥施用量/ (kg/hm²)	氮肥、磷肥施用量比	数据来源
设施蔬菜	全国主要菜地	851	726	1.2	文献[38]
	北京市	725	363	2.0	文献[39]
	天津市	723	650	1.1	文献[40]
	陕西省	829	554	1.5	文献[41]
	山东省	872	277	3.1	文献[42]
	山西省	2 267	908	2.5	文献[43]
设施葡萄	秦皇岛市	655	454	1.4	文献[44]
	陕西省	635	309	2.1	文献[45]
	张家口市	1 102	525	2.1	文献[46]
	川兴镇	772	687	1.1	本研究

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表 7 设施葡萄园土壤养分浓度与土壤性质、种植年限相关性分析结果

Table 7. Results of correlation analysis between nutrient concentration, soil properties and planting years in the soil of facility vineyards

指标	种植年限	pH	EC	粉砂占比	砂粒占比	OM	TN	TP	AN	AP
种植年限	1
pH	−0.470	1
EC	0.788*	−0.853**	1
粉砂占比	−0.035	−0.671*	0.431	1
砂粒占比	0.288	0.778*	−0.504	−0.959**	1
OM	0.059	−0.738*	−0.724*	0.749*	−0.822**	1
TN	0.774*	−0.775*	0.667*	0.786*	−0.763*	0.879**	1
TP	0.772*	−0.792*	0.802**	0.694*	−0.707*	0.870**	0.968**	1
AN	0.191	−0.847**	0.869**	0.737*	−0.814**	0.936**	0.903**	0.926**	1
AP	0.270	−0.774*	0.761*	0.698*	−0.768*	0.921**	0.873**	0.903**	0.955**	1
注：*表示在0.01 水平上(双尾)相关性显著；表示在0.05 水平上(双尾)相关性显著。

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