半干旱区湖泊湿地土壤养分与盐碱化特征研究

赵茜宇; 于会彬; 杨芳; 王希欢; 冯冬霞; 张艺; 王毛兰; 廖海清

doi:10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210530

半干旱区湖泊湿地土壤养分与盐碱化特征研究—以岱海为例

doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210530

赵茜宇^{1, 2,},
于会彬²,
杨芳²,
王希欢²,
冯冬霞²,
张艺^{2, 3},
王毛兰^1, ,,
廖海清^2, ,

1.
鄱阳湖环境与资源利用教育部重点实验室，南昌大学资源与环境学院
2.
中国环境科学研究院流域水环境污染综合治理研究中心
3.
中国地质大学(北京)水资源与环境学院

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目（2019YFC0409205）

详细信息

作者简介:
赵茜宇（1997—），女，硕士研究生，主要从事湖泊湿地修复研究，zqy_cheer@163.com

通讯作者:
王毛兰（1979—），女，副教授，博士，主要从事水体富营养化、重金属污染、同位素地球化学等方面的研究，mlwang@ncu.edu.cn

廖海清（1979—），男，研究员，博士，主要从事流域水环境治理、同位素环境地球化学研究，liaohq@craes.org.cn

中图分类号: X524
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-09-23

Study on the characteristics of soil nutrients and salinization of lake wetlands in semi-arid region: taking Daihai Lake as an example

ZHAO Qianyu^{1, 2
,},
YU Huibin²,
YANG Fang²,
WANG Xihuan²,
FENG Dongxia²,
ZHANG Yi^{2, 3},
WANG Maolan^{1
, ,},
LIAO Haiqing^{2
, ,}

1.
Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Education, School of Resources Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University
2.
Research Center of Comprehensive Treatment of Watershed Water Environment Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences
3.
School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing)

摘要

摘要:
为探究半干旱区湖泊湖滨带土壤养分与盐碱化特征，以典型盐化湖泊岱海为例，分析其湖滨带的草地、浅滩和盐碱地3种土地类型的土壤剖面4种养分〔有机质（OM）、碱解氮（AN）、有效磷（AP）、速效钾（AK）〕浓度、土壤钙（Ca²⁺）、镁（Mg²⁺）、交换性钾（K⁺）、交换性钠（Na⁺）、碳酸根（CO₃ ²⁻）、重碳酸根（HCO₃ ⁻）、氯（Cl⁻）和硫酸根（SO₄ ²⁻）离子浓度分布，结合主成分分析和冗余分析等统计学方法，研究湖滨带土壤盐碱化特征及其影响因素。结果表明：1）岱海湖滨带不同类型土壤剖面盐分空间分布差异明显，其中草地和浅滩呈明显盐分表聚现象，表层全盐量均值分别达1.99、15.27 g/kg，而盐碱地土壤10~20 cm全盐量最高（17.30 g/kg）。2）湖滨带土壤pH为8.24~8.86，在浅滩和盐碱地深层较高，而在草地的浅层较高。盐碱地与浅滩土壤均属于碱土，而草地表层土壤多属于中度碱化土，其碱化度沿深度方向降低。3种土地类型的主要盐碱化因子为Cl⁻、Mg²⁺、SO₄ ²⁻、Na⁺、全盐量、HCO₃ ⁻、pH、CO₃ ²⁻。3）3种土地类型的4种养分浓度基本呈随土壤深度增加而减少的趋势，其中浅滩营养元素最丰富。根据冗余分析结果，3种土地类型中大部分离子间都具有很强的相关性，AP、Mg²⁺与pH均具有负相关性，其他盐分与养分在不同土地类型中相关性差异较大。
- 碱化度 /
- 有机质 /
- 土壤养分 /
- 湖滨带 /
- 盐渍化土壤 /
- 冗余分析
Abstract:
Influenced by human activities and climate change, the salinization of shallow lake wetlands in semi-arid regions is becoming worse, which threatens the health of riparian ecosystems. Daihai Lake, a typical salinized lake, was selected to analyze the distribution of four nutrients such as organic matter (OM), alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP) and available potassium (AK), as well as soil calcium ion (Ca²⁺), magnesium ion (Mg²⁺), exchangeable potassium ion (K⁺), exchangeable sodium ion (Na⁺), carbonate ion (CO₃ ²⁻), bicarbonate ion (HCO₃ ⁻), chloride ion (Cl⁻) and sulfate ion (SO₄ ²⁻) concentrations in three types of soil profile, including riparian grassland, shoal and saline-alkali land. By statistical methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) and redundancy analysis, the salinization characteristics and influencing factors were investigated. The results showed that the difference in the spatial distribution of salts in different types of soil profile in Daihai lakeside zone was large, and there was obvious salt accumulation in grassland and shoals, with the total salt average of 1.99 g/kg and 15.27 g/kg, respectively, on the soil surface; however, the total salt content was the highest at 10-20 cm in the saline-alkali soil, with a total salt content of 17.30 g/kg. pH in the lakeside zone soil was 8.24-8.86, which was higher in the deep soil of shoal and saline-alkali land, as well as the shallow soil of grassland. According to the classification of alkalization, saline-alkali land and shoal soil belonged to alkali soil, and the surface soil of grassland was mainly moderate alkali soil, with a decline of alkalization as the soil went deeper. The major salinization factors in the three land types of Daihai Lake were Cl⁻, Mg²⁺, SO₄ ²⁻, Na⁺, total salt, HCO₃ ⁻, pH, and CO₃ ²⁻. The concentrations of the four nutrients showed a trend of decline with the increase of depth in the 3 types of soil. Besides, the nutrients were the most abundant in the shoal. According to redundancy analysis, a strong correlation existed between most ions in the 3 types of soil. AP and Mg²⁺ were negatively correlated with pH, but other salts and nutrients showed a disparity in different types of soil.
- alkalinity /
- organic matter /
- soil nutrients /
- lakeside zone /
- saline soil /
- redundancy analysis

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图 1 岱海湖滨带土地类型分布示意

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the distribution of land types in Daihai Lakeside

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图 2 不同土地类型土壤剖面盐分特征

Figure 2. Salinity characteristics of soil profiles of different landtypes

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图 3 不同土地类型OM、AN、AP、AK浓度随深度变化

Figure 3. Variation of OM, AN, AP, and AK concentrations with depth of different land types

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图 4 土壤盐分与养分的RDA二维排序

注：空心箭头表示盐分特征因子，实心箭头表示养分特征因子，空心箭头的长度越长代表该盐分特征因子对养分特征因子的分布影响越大。空心箭头与实心箭头之间的夹角表示盐分特征因子与养分特征因子之间的相关性，夹角为锐角表示正相关，钝角表示负相关。

Figure 4. RDA two-dimensional ordination map of soil salinity and nutrients

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表 1 岱海湖滨带各采样点位海拔及土地类型

Table 1. Elevation and land types of sampling points of Daihai Lakeside

土地类型	海拔/m	土地类型区域概况
盐碱地	1 219	地表面有明显盐斑大量析出，植被覆盖度小于5%
浅滩	1 220	少量地表有盐斑析出，植被群丛主要以碱蓬草甸为主，植被覆盖度为20%~40%
草地	1 225	植被群丛主要以本氏针茅草原、小糠草草甸、苔草鹅绒委陵菜草甸为主，植被覆盖度为50%~70%

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表 2 全国第二次土壤普查养分分级标准^[28]

Table 2. Nutrient classification standard of the second National soil survey

土壤养分分级	OM/%	AN/(mg/kg)	AP/(mg/kg)	AK/(mg/kg)
丰富	>4	>150	>40	>200
较丰富	3~4	120~150	20~40	150~200
中等	2~3	90~120	10~20	100~150
较缺	1~2	60~90	5~10	50~100
缺	0.6~1	30~60	3~5	30~50
极缺	<0.6	<30	<3	<30

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表 3 土壤剖面中pH、全盐、ESP及SAR分布

Table 3. Distribution of pH, total salt, ESP and SAR in soil profile

土地类型	土壤深度/cm	pH	全盐量/（g/kg）	SAR	ESP/%
盐碱地	0~10	8.24±0.23	16.63±4.31	57.16±9.56	45.54±7.42
	10~20	8.36±0.09	17.30±4.10	74.05±7.21	52.09±9.21
	20~30	8.36±0.04	12.92±3.91	78.14±6.11	53.44±4.45
	30~40	8.66±0.12	5.60±2.88	43.93±4.12	39.01±3.54
	40~50	8.67±0.02	4.59±1.89	44.14±3.11	39.13±3.12
浅滩	0~10	8.32±0.02	15.27±1.99	59.17±3.42	46.24±2.48
	10~20	8.42±0.07	6.72±1.25	46.12±3.12	40.20±3.01
	20~30	8.48±0.06	5.08±0.66	36.67±1.20	34.72±1.12
	30~40	8.83±0.14	2.87±0.87	28.42±1.55	29.05±1.47
	40~50	8.86±0.08	2.09±0.10	20.42±0.77	22.52±1.02
草地	0~10	8.86±0.20	1.99±0.22	11.26±1.10	13.4±1.31
	10~20	8.80±0.13	1.15±0.14	4.58±0.88	5.25±0.91
	20~30	8.49±0.05	0.75±0.18	1.76±0.65	1.34±0.81
	30~40	8.48±0.02	0.70±0.09	0.90±0.08	0.08±0.01
	40~50	8.39±0.06	0.61±0.05	0.82±0.12	0.05±0.02
注：表中数据为均值±标准差。

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表 4 主成分因子的载荷矩阵和得分系数矩阵

Table 4. Factor load matrix and component score coefficient matrix of salt and alkali index

盐碱化指标	因子载荷矩阵（成分矩阵）			成分得分系数矩阵
盐碱化指标	主成分1	主成分2	主成分3	主成分1	主成分2	主成分3
HCO₃ ⁻	−0.185	0.938	0.009	−0.026	0.531	0.008
Cl⁻	0.979	0.027	−0.084	0.136	0.015	−0.078
Ca²⁺	0.880	−0.404	0.080	0.122	−0.229	0.074
Mg²⁺	0.925	−0.121	−0.083	0.128	−0.069	−0.077
SO₄ ²⁻	0.915	0.042	0.129	0.127	0.024	0.120
K⁺	0.817	0.434	−0.181	0.113	0.246	−0.168
Na⁺	0.982	0.104	−0.036	0.136	0.059	−0.033
全盐量	0.988	0.077	−0.047	0.137	0.044	−0.043
ESP	0.795	0.487	0.038	0.110	0.276	0.035
pH	−0.324	0.866	−0.275	−0.100	0.264	−0.256
CO₃ ²⁻	−0.029	0.214	0.963	−0.004	0.121	0.894

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