垃圾分类前后焚烧飞灰的理化性质及重金属污染特性

郭梦茹; 张冰如; 席佳锐; 张博暄

doi:10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210560

垃圾分类前后焚烧飞灰的理化性质及重金属污染特性

doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210560

同济大学环境科学与工程学院

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（21876132）；北京绿色未来环境基金会项目

详细信息

作者简介:
郭梦茹（1997—），女，硕士，主要从事垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属稳定化研究，1932857@tongji.edu.cn

通讯作者:
张冰如（1965—），女，教授，主要从事环境保护领域新型药剂开发与应用，bingru@tongji.edu.cn

中图分类号: X705
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-10-02
- 网络出版日期: 2022-06-07

Physicochemical properties and heavy metal pollution characteristics of incineration fly ash before and after refuse classification

College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University

摘要

摘要:
以上海市某垃圾焚烧厂焚烧飞灰为调查对象，分析垃圾分类前后飞灰的理化性质及重金属污染特性。结果表明：垃圾分类后飞灰表面积和孔容明显降低，氯化物含量也大幅降低；除Zn、Cu外，飞灰中其他重金属含量在垃圾分类后均增加，其中Pb浸出浓度远高于GB 16889—2008《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》的浓度限值，环境风险较大，必须对该飞灰进行无害化处置；由于飞灰中Pb、Cd、Zn含量和不稳定形态的变化，其在酸性条件下的浸出浓度显著增高，对环境的潜在威胁较大。
- 垃圾分类 /
- 飞灰 /
- 理化性质 /
- 浸出毒性 /
- 重金属
Abstract:
The physiochemical properties and heavy metal pollution characteristics of fly ash from a waste incineration plant in Shanghai were studied and analyzed. The results showed that the fly ash surface area and pore volume decreased obviously, and the chloride content also decreased greatly after refuse classification. Except Zn and Cu, the contents of other heavy metals increased after refuse classification, and the leaching concentration of Pb was far higher than the concentration limit of Standard for Pollution Control on the Landfill Site of Municipal Solid Waste (GB 16889-2008), which was of high environmental risk. Therefore, the fly ash must be disposed of harmlessly. Due to the change of Pb, Cd, Zn contents and their unstable forms, the leaching concentrations under acidic condition increased significantly which posed a great potential threat to the environment.
- refuse classification /
- fly ash /
- physicochemical property /
- leaching toxicity /
- heavy metal

HTML全文

图 1 垃圾分类前后飞灰SEM图

Figure 1. Scanning electron microscope of fly ash before and after refuse classification

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图 2 飞灰的吸/脱附曲线

Figure 2. Adsorption and desorption isotherm of fly ash

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图 3 垃圾分类前后飞灰XPS图谱

Figure 3. XPS spectrum of fly ash before and after refuse classification

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图 4 飞灰XRD图谱

Figure 4. XRD spectrum of fly ash before and after refuse classification

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图 5 垃圾分类前后飞灰中重金属在不同pH条件下的浸出浓度

Figure 5. Leaching concentrations of heavy metals in fly ash before and after refuse classification under different pH conditions

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图 6 垃圾分类前后重金属形态分布

Figure 6. Speciation distribution of heavy metals before and after refuse classification

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表 1 连续浸提方法

Table 1. Sequential extraction procedure

重金属形态	浸提试剂	分析条件
可交换态	8 mL 1 mol/L MgCl₂（pH=7.0）	常温下连续振荡2 h
碳酸盐结合态	8 mL 1 mol/L NaAc（pH=5.0）	常温下连续振荡5 h
铁锰氧化态	20 mL 0.04 mol/L NH₂OH·HCl	95 ℃下浸提6 h
有机结合态	3 mL 0.02 mol/L HNO₃， 8 mL 30%H₂O₂， 5 mL NH₄Ac（20%HNO₃）	85 ℃下浸提5 h，常温30 min
残渣态	HCl+HNO₃+HF+HClO₄	石墨炉/微波消解

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表 2 飞灰的比表面积和孔容

Table 2. Specific surface area and pore volume of fly ash

飞灰样品	比表面积/（m²/g）	孔容/（cm³/g）
垃圾分类前	23.35	0.05
垃圾分类后	13.81	0.03

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表 3 飞灰溶解度及电导率

Table 3. Water solubility and ET of fly ash

项目	总量/ g	残渣/ g	总溶解固体/ g	溶解度/ %	电导率/ （mS/cm）
垃圾分类前	10.01	4.52	5.49	54.85	110.63
垃圾分类后	10.00	6.39	3.61	36.10	75.93

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表 4 飞灰重金属含量

Table 4. Contents of heavy metals in fly ash

重金属	垃圾分类前重金属含量/（mg/kg）	垃圾分类后重金属含量/（mg/kg）
Cr	143.57	528.59
Fe	2 596.24	26 171.08
Ni	41.16	195.40
Cu	3 714.52	928.64
Zn	14 611.46	8 284.44
Cd	9.72	137.86
As	38.09	689.96
Pb	990.96	3 003.75

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表 5 醋酸浸提飞灰重金属的浸出情况

Table 5. Leaching of heavy metals in fly ash extracted by acetic acid

项目		Cr	Ni	Cu	Zn	Cd	Pb	浸出液pH
垃圾分类前	浸出浓度/(mg/L)	0.040	0.024	1.493	3.162	0.038 95	4.675	12.27
	浸出量/(mg/kg)	0.805	0.473	29.863	63.243	0.779	93.492
	浸出率/%	0.561	1.148	0.804	0.433	8.013	9.434
垃圾分类后	浸出浓度/(mg/L)	0.207	0.016	0.194	1.721	0.022	19.431	12.28
	浸出量/(mg/kg)	4.130	0.321	3.888	34.412	0.449	388.613
	浸出率/%	0.781	0.164	0.419	0.415	0.326	12.938
GB 16889—2008	浓度限值/(mg/L)	4.5	0.5	40	100	0.15	0.25

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表 6 硫酸硝酸浸提飞灰重金属的浸出情况

Table 6. Leaching of heavy metals in fly ash extracted with sulfuric acid and nitric acid

项目		Cr	Ni	Cu	Zn	Cd	Pb	浸出液pH
垃圾分类前	浸出浓度/(mg/L)	0.081	0.026	1.239	4.139	0.038	7.168	12.20
	浸出量/(mg/kg)	0.813	0.261	12.388	41.392	0.384	71.679
	浸出率/%	0.566	0.634	0.334	0.283	3.946	7.233
垃圾分类后	浸出浓度/(mg/L)	0.201	0.024	0.232	1.589	0.027	26.634	12.33
	浸出量/(mg/kg)	2.012	0.238	2.322	15.886	0.269	266.343
	浸出率/%	0.381	0.122	0.250	0.192	0.195	8.867
GB 16889—2008	浓度限值/(mg/L)	4.5	0.5	40	100	0.15	0.25

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表 7 水平振荡浸提飞灰重金属的浸出情况

Table 7. Leaching of heavy metals in fly ash by horizontal oscillation leaching

项目		Cr	Ni	Cu	Zn	Cd	Pb	浸出液pH
垃圾分类前	浸出浓度/(mg/L)	0.080	0.020	1.276	3.531	0.039	6.994	12.10
	浸出量/(mg/kg)	0.798	0.198	12.759	35.306	0.387	69.935
	浸出率/%	0.556	0.481	0.343	0.242	3.982	7.057
垃圾分类后	浸出浓度/(mg/L)	0.219	0.023	0.227	1.593	0.013	25.826	12.16
	浸出量/(mg/kg)	2.193	0.226	2.266	15.926	0.129	258.260
	浸出率/%	0.415	0.116	0.244	0.192	0.094	8.598
GB 16889—2008	浓度限值/(mg/L)	4.5	0.5	40	100	0.15	0.25

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