Study of odor pollution characteristics of bio-chemical processor treatment of kitchen waste
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摘要:
以上海某基于餐厨垃圾生化处理机工艺的企业为研究对象，通过筛选餐厨垃圾关键测试物质，测试案例企业各处理工艺有组织排放口、厂区及厂界无组织排放中的挥发性有机物（VOCs）及恶臭物质情况，结合异味活度（OAV）指标评价识别典型恶臭物质，深入分析餐厨垃圾好氧生化处理机企业的恶臭污染特征及关键影响因素。结果表明：VOCs及恶臭物质浓度表现为预处理车间>生化车间>深加工车间，排放成分主要为醇类、羰基类、硫化物和芳香烃等有机物；主要的恶臭物质为乙硫醇、丁硫醇、甲硫醇和乙硫醚等硫化物；废水处理设施是案例企业恶臭产生的潜在主要来源之一，包括废水厌氧罐的沼气泄漏、废水处理设施的无组织臭气逸散等；餐厨垃圾好氧生化处理类型企业对周边的恶臭污染与其生产工序具有显著关系。建议同类型企业可通过减少无组织臭气排放环节、建立沼气泄漏定期检测与应急管理制度、提高末端装置运行效果等方面缓解恶臭污染问题。
Abstract:A kitchen waste enterprise adopting bio-chemical processor treatment in Shanghai was selected as the research object. The odor pollution characteristics and key influencing factors of kitchen waste enterprises adopting aerobic biochemical processor treatment were deeply analyzed by screening the key test substances of the kitchen wastes, monitoring VOCs and odorous substances from the exhaust outlets of all treatment processes and the fugitive emission of factory area and boundary, and identifying typical odorous substances based on the evaluation of their odor activity value (OAV). The results showed that the concentration of VOCs and odorous substances was sorted as pretreatment workshop, biochemical workshop, and deep processing workshop from high to low, and the emission components were mainly organic substances such as alcohols, carbonyls, sulfides and aromatic hydrocarbons. The major odorous substances were sulfides such as ethyl mercaptan, butyl mercaptan, methyl mercaptan and ethyl sulfide. The wastewater treatment facilities were the main potential sources of odor, including the leakage of biogas in the anaerobic wastewater tank and the escape of fugitive odor from wastewater treatment facilities, etc. The surrounding odor pollution of the kitchen waste enterprise adopting aerobic biochemical treatment had a significant relationship with their production processes. It was suggested that enterprises of the same type could alleviate the odor pollution problem by reducing fugitive odor emission links, establishing regular biogas leakage detection and emergency management system, and improving the operation effect of deodorization devices.
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图 2 各处理工艺有组织废气排放口VOCs及恶臭物质总浓度和臭气浓度
Figure 2. Total mass concentration of VOCs and odorous substances, and odor concentration of each exhaust outlet
图 3 各处理工艺有组织废气排放口VOCs和其他恶臭物质浓度占比
Figure 3. Mass concentration ratio of VOCs and other odor substances of exhaust outlets of each treatment process
图 4 废水处理厌氧罐顶部红外扫描图
Figure 4. Infrared scanning images of the top of the anaerobic tank for wastewater treatment
图 6 企业厂界各典型恶臭物质浓度变化
Figure 6. Volume concentration change of typical malodorous substances at the factory boundary
表 1 测试方法与仪器
Table 1. Testing methods and instruments
检测
点位采样及
检测时间检测方法 仪器型号 仪器厂商 检测指标 样品数量/个 测试参数 废气
排口09：00—17：00 SIFT-MS技术 SYFT VOICE 200型选择离子流动管质谱分析仪 新西兰 Syft
公司VOCs及恶臭物质浓度 15 在选择离子模式下，以H3O+、NO+、O2 +作为初始离子；扫描时间为60 s；延迟计算时间5 s；样品测定时间90 s；进口温度120 ℃；氮气为载气，载气压力为300 kPa。每个排气筒采集5个平行样，单个样品扫描3次 厂界环境空气 16：00—次日16：00 SIFT-MS技术 SYFT VOICE 200型选择离子流动管质谱分析仪 新西兰 Syft
公司主要恶臭物质浓度 242 在选择离子模式下，以H3O+、NO+、O2+作为初始离子开展扫描，间隔5 min采样扫描，单个样品扫描1次。实时测试24 h 废气
排口09：00—17：00 三点比较式臭袋法 人工嗅辨 臭气浓度 18 采集3个平行样 厂区环境空气 09：00—17：00 传感器测试技术 OdoTracker TR8 加拿大Scentroid公司 硫化氢浓度 80 内置2个传感器，分辨率分别为10−3和1 μmol/mol，每个点位测试5次，选取最大值 废水处理厌
氧罐共检测3次，分别为09：00、13：00、17：00 FTIR技术 GF300气体成像型红外热像仪 美国FLIR Systems公司 红外扫描图 15 精度为温度范围（0~100 ℃）的±1 ℃或者温度范围读数（>100 ℃）的±2%，对CH4泄漏的检出限为0.8 g/h。每次扫描10 min以上，选取有效扫描截图 
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测试物质 CAS号 嗅阈值/(μmol/mol) 测试物质 CAS号 嗅阈值/(μmol/mol) 测试物质 CAS号 嗅阈值/(μmol/mol) 正丁醇 71-36-3 0.066 四氯化碳 56-23-5 甲醛 50-00-0 0.5 1-丙醇 71-23-8 0.094 氯苯 108-90-7 甲基异丁酮 108-10-1 2-丁醇 78-92-2 0.22 异戊酸 503-74-2 0.000 16 戊醛 110-62-3 0.001 6 巴豆醛 4170-30-3 乙酸 64-19-7 0.006 丙醛 123-38-6 0.016 2-戊醇 6032-29-7 0.29 丙烯酸 79-10-7 丙酮 67-64-1 乙醇 64-17-5 0.1 丁酸 107-92-6 0.001 3 庚烷 142-82-5 乙二醇 107-21-1 正戊酸 109-52-4 0.002 5 己烷 110-54-3 甲醇 67-56-1 丙酸 79-09-4 0.008 7 异戊烷 78-78-4 苯乙烯 100-42-5 0.034 二甲醚 115-10-6 正辛烷 111-65-9 苯 71-43-2 丁硫醇 109-79-5 0.000 002 8 1,3-丁二烯 106-99-0 乙苯 100-41-4 0.018 二硫化碳 75-15-0 0.17 1-丁烯 106-98-9 0.36 异丙苯 98-82-8 0.008 4 乙硫醚 352-93-2 0.000 033 α-蒎烯 80-56-8 0.001 萘 91-20-3 二甲基二硫醚 624-92-0 0.011 柠檬烯 138-86-3 0.016 苯酚 108-95-2 0.005 6 甲硫醚 75-18-3 0.002 丙烯 115-07-1 甲苯 108-88-3 0.098 乙硫醇 75-08-1 0.000 008 7 四氯乙烯 127-18-4 氨 7664-41-7 0.3 硫化氢 7783-06-4 0.001 2 乙酸异丙酯 108-21-4 环己胺 108-91-8 甲硫醇 74-93-1 0.000 067 乙酸丁酯 123-86-4 0.007 9 二乙胺 109-89-7 0.048 异戊醛 590-86-3 0.000 3 乙酸乙酯 141-78-6 二甲胺 124-40-3 0.033 乙醛 75-07-0 0.018 乙酸己酯 142-92-7 0.001 8 一甲胺 74-89-5 0.035 丙烯醛 107-02-8 0.003 6 乙酸异丁酯 110-19-0 吡啶 110-86-1 苯甲醛 100-52-7 丙烯酸甲酯 96-33-3 0.003 5 三乙胺 121-44-8 丁醛 123-72-8 0.000 85 甲基丙烯酸甲酯 80-62-6 三甲胺 75-50-3 0.000 9 丁酮 78-93-3 0.17 乙酸丙酯 109-60-4 苄基氯 100-44-7 环己酮 108-94-1
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表 3 各车间废气排放口前10污染物浓度
Table 3. Mass concentration of top 10 pollutants of exhaust outlets of each workshop
排名 预处理车间 生化车间 深加工车间 污染物 浓度/
（mg/m3）污染物 浓度/
（mg/m3）污染物 浓度/
（mg/m3）1 乙醇 2.52 乙醇 1.30 苯酚 0.27 2 1-丙醇 1.67 乙醛 0.79 二甲基二硫醚 0.26 3 乙醛 1.62 甲醇 0.59 乙醛 0.16 4 丙烯酸 1.11 苯酚 0.36 乙醇 0.11 5 氨 0.96 二甲基二硫醚 0.36 氨 0.09 6 丁酮 0.83 氨 0.28 乙酸 0.07 7 庚烷 0.78 2-戊醇 0.27 甲醇 0.05 8 2-戊醇 0.70 双戊烯 0.21 2-戊醇 0.04 9 苯酚 0.69 乙酸乙酯 0.17 双戊烯 0.04 10 甲醇 0.64 α-蒎烯 0.15 α-蒎烯 0.03
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表 4 各车间废气排放口OAV排名前10的恶臭物质
Table 4. Top 10 odor substances in the OAV of the exhaust outlets of each workshop
排名 预处理车间 生化车间 深加工车间 恶臭物质 OAV 恶臭物质 OAV 恶臭物质 OAV 1 乙硫醇 28 419 乙硫醇 3 448 乙硫醇 614 2 丁硫醇 5 482 丁硫醇 2 247 丁硫醇 321 3 甲硫醇 4 270 甲硫醇 294 甲硫醇 111 4 乙硫醚 794 乙硫醚 208 乙硫醚 43 5 硫化氢 283 异戊酸 40 苯酚 12 6 异戊酸 170 α-蒎烯 27 异戊酸 10 7 甲硫醚 97 乙醛 24 二甲基二硫醚 6 8 丁酸 56 苯酚 17 α-蒎烯 6 9 乙醛 50 异戊醛 17 乙醛 5 10 三甲胺 34 甲硫醚 12 乙酸 5
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