Spatial distribution and source analysis of pollutants in Daliao River Basin based on control unit division
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摘要:
为明确大辽河流域污染物特征及污染物来源，建立“流域—控制单元—行政区”空间拓扑关系，对2019年大辽河流域国控断面水质情况、各控制单元内污染物入河量及空间分布特征进行分析。结果表明：1）大辽河流域28个水质监测断面中，逐月水质均能达到《水污染防治行动计划》中考核目标的占29%，超标污染物以COD、NH3-N为主，超标断面中，COD、NH3-N主要来源为城镇生活源、农村生活源和分散式畜禽养殖，TP主要来源于不同土地利用类型污染源和城镇生活源；2）2019年COD、NH3-N、TN、TP污染物入河量分别为59 195.5、3 115.5、18 229.7、538.3 t/a，从污染源贡献上看，总体呈现为城镇生活源>农村生活源>分散式畜禽养殖污染源>不同土地利用类型（含林地、草地、耕地、城镇用地）污染源>工业源>规模化畜禽养殖污染源；3）污染物入河量空间分布均呈现中部>西南部>东北部，其中控制单元C3、C6、C8、C11、C13、C15、C17是重点管控单元，以上重点管控单元中，COD、NH3-N、TN、TP污染物入河量贡献率分别为68%、73%、77%、72%；4）污染物入河量估算结果与通量模拟值之间误差均小于20%，可用于研究区范围内污染负荷估算。
Abstract:In order to better understand the characteristics and sources of pollutants in Daliao River Basin, the spatial topological relationship of "Watershed-Control unit-Administrative district" was established, the water quality of the state-controlled sections of Daliao River Basin, the amount of pollutants into the river in every control unit, and the spatial distribution characteristics in 2019 were analyzed. The results indicated that: 1) Among 28 water quality monitoring sections in Daliao River Basin, 29% of the monthly water quality could reach the targets of the Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Water Pollution. COD and NH3-N were the main pollutants that exceeded the standard. In the section exceeding the standard, the main sources of COD and NH3-N were urban life sources, rural life sources and decentralized livestock and poultry breeding, while TP mainly came from pollution sources of different land use types and urban life sources. 2) The amount of COD, NH3-N, TN, and TP pollutants into the river was 59 195.5, 3115.5, 18 229.7, and 538.3 t/a, respectively. The contribution rate in descending order was urban living source, rural living source, decentralized livestock and poultry breeding source, source of various landuse types (including woodland, grassland, farmland, urban land), industrial source, large-scale livestock and poultry breeding source. 3) The spatial distribution of the inflowing amount of pollutants into the river in descending order was central, southwest, and northeast, with C3, C6, C8, C11, C13, C15, C17 being the key control units. In the above key control units, the contribution rates of COD, NH3-N, TN, and TP into the river were 68%, 73%, 77%, and 72%, respectively. 4) The error between the estimation result of the inflowing amount of pollutant into the river and the flux simulation value were all less than 20%. The methods should be suitable for the estimation of pollution load in the study area.
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图 2 2019年大辽河流域污染物入河量空间分布
Figure 2. Spatial distribution map of pollutant inflow into Daliao River Basin in 2019
图 3 2019年大辽河流域不同控制单元污染源结构
Figure 3. Pollution source structure of different control units in Daliao River Basin in 2019
图 4 2019年大辽河流域各控制单元不同污染源对COD、NH3-N、TP入河量贡献率
Figure 4. Contribution rate of different pollution sources to COD, NH3-N, TP inflow of each control unit in Daliao River Basin in 2019
表 1 大辽河流域县级行政区所在控制单元
Table 1. Control unit of county-level administrative region in Daliao River Basin
控制单元 包含县级行政区 控制单元 包含县级行政区 C1 营口市站前区、老边区、西市区、大石桥市（部分） C14 抚顺市抚顺县（部分） C2 盘锦市大洼区（部分）、兴隆台区（部分） C15 沈阳市大东区、沈河区、浑南区 C3 营口市大石桥市（部分），鞍山市海城市、千山区 C16 抚顺市新宾满族自治县（部分） C4 本溪市平山区、南芬区 C17 抚顺市新抚区、顺城区、望花区 C5 辽阳市辽阳县（部分）、弓长岭区 C18 抚顺市东洲区 C6 辽阳市辽阳县（部分）、宏伟区、白塔区、太子河区、文圣区，鞍山市铁西区、铁东区、立山区 C19 沈阳市沈北新区 C7 本溪市明山区 C20 抚顺市清原满族自治县（部分） C8 辽阳市灯塔市（部分），沈阳市苏家屯区（部分），本溪市溪湖区 C21 本溪市本溪满族自治县（部分） C9 本溪市本溪满族自治县（部分） C22 抚顺市新宾满族自治县（部分） C10 鞍山市台安县 C23 沈阳市辽中区（部分） C11 沈阳市于洪区（部分）、苏家屯区（部分）、铁西区、和平区，辽阳市灯塔市（部分） C24 抚顺市抚顺县（部分） C12 沈阳市辽中区（部分） C25 盘锦市盘山县（部分） C13 沈阳市于洪区（部分）、皇姑区 C26 沈阳市新民市（部分） 
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表 2 大辽河流域输出系数
Table 2. Daliao River Basin output coefficient
污染物 污染源类型 不同土地利用类型/
〔t/（km2·a）〕农村生活/〔kg/（人·a）〕 畜禽/
〔kg/（头·a）〕水田 旱地 林地 草地 城镇用地 奶牛 肉牛 生猪 蛋鸡 肉鸡 COD 2 1.8 1.12 0.8 1.45 18.25 149.362 2 99.282 3 8.156 3 1.953 7 0.175 7 NH3-N 0.167 0.188 0.052 0.007 0.116 1.06 0.963 6 0.805 2 0.097 0 0.015 9 0.000 9 TN 0.74 2.9 0.238 1 1.1 2.14 10.201 8 4.599 5 0.640 4 0.140 9 0.008 8 TP 0.1 0.04 0.015 0.018 0.024 0.03 1.127 2 0.282 6 0.096 0 0.009 2 0.002 6
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表 3 点源入河距离修正系数取值
Table 3. Coefficient from point source inflow into river
距离/km 入河系数参考值( d ) 1 1 1~10 0.9 10~20 0.8 20~30 0.7 ≥40 0.6
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表 4 数据来源及说明
Table 4. Data sources and description
数据类型 描述 来源 DEM数据 精度为30 m，用于确定流域边界 地理空间数据云 水质数据 国控断面污染物浓度 生态环境部综合业务门户( http://10.100.249.24 )土地利用 精度为1 km的土地利用类型数据 中国科学院资源环境科学与数据中心 ( https://www.resdc.cn )社会经济数据 人口、畜禽数量 各地市统计年鉴 水文数据 2015—2018年唐马寨、邢家窝棚、海城站流量数据 辽河流域水文年鉴
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表 5 2019年大辽河流域国控断面逐月水质评价结果
Table 5. Results of monthly water quality evaluation of state-controlled sections in Daliao River Basin in 2019
国控断
面编号断面名称 断面水
质目标COD NH3-N TP 断面水质
评价结果是否
达标月超标
率/%水质类别 最大超标倍数 水质类别 最大超标倍数 水质类别 最大超标倍数 S1 辽河公园 Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅴ 0.33 Ⅳ Ⅴ 否 11 S2 三岔河 Ⅴ 劣Ⅴ 0.20 劣Ⅴ 1.01 Ⅴ 劣Ⅴ 否 25 S3 小姐庙 Ⅴ Ⅴ 劣Ⅴ 0.14 Ⅴ 劣Ⅴ 否 10 S4 刘家台 Ⅴ Ⅴ 劣Ⅴ 0.23 Ⅳ 劣Ⅴ 否 17 S5 下口子 Ⅳ Ⅴ 0.20 Ⅴ 0.23 Ⅲ Ⅴ 否 20 S6 下王家 Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ 是 0 S7 葠窝坝下 Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅱ Ⅳ 是 0 S8 兴安 Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅴ 0.17 Ⅱ Ⅴ 否 9 S9 老官砬子 Ⅱ Ⅲ 0.20 Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅲ 否 9 S10 于家房 Ⅴ 劣Ⅴ 0.15 劣Ⅴ 1.44 劣Ⅴ 1.23 劣Ⅴ 否 55 S11 砂山 Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅳ 是 0 S12 东陵大桥 Ⅳ Ⅲ 劣Ⅴ 1.94 Ⅲ 劣Ⅴ 否 14 S13 戈布桥 Ⅳ Ⅴ 0.13 劣Ⅴ 1.05 Ⅳ 劣Ⅴ 否 20 S14 大伙房水库 Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ 是 0 S15 北杂木 Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅲ 0.30 Ⅲ 否 11 S16 牛庄 Ⅳ 劣Ⅴ 1.40 劣Ⅴ 7.73 Ⅴ 0.33 劣Ⅴ 否 58 S17 汤河桥 Ⅲ Ⅲ 劣Ⅴ 2.99 Ⅱ 劣Ⅴ 否 40 S18 河洪桥 Ⅴ 劣Ⅴ 0.10 劣Ⅴ 4.80 劣Ⅴ 1.88 劣Ⅴ 否 83 S19 北太子河入观音阁水库口 Ⅲ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ 是 0 S20 南太子河入库口 Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ 是 0 S21 蒲河沿 Ⅴ 劣Ⅴ 0.50 Ⅴ Ⅳ 劣Ⅴ 否 33 S22 兴国桥 Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅱ Ⅳ Ⅳ 是 0 S23 于台 Ⅴ 劣Ⅴ 0.23 劣Ⅴ 5.60 劣Ⅴ 2.75 劣Ⅴ 否 83 S24 阿及堡 Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ 0.20 Ⅲ 否 18 S25 台沟 Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ 0.50 Ⅲ 否 9 S26 古楼 Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅲ 0.80 Ⅲ 否 13 S27 下达河入汤河水库口 Ⅲ Ⅳ 0.40 Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ 否 8 S28 二道河入汤河水库口 Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅲ 是 0
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表 6 2019年大辽河流域主要污染物入河量
Table 6. Inflow of major pollutants into Daliao River Basin in 2019
t/a 污染物 点源入河量 非点源入河量 工业源 城镇生活源 规模化畜禽养殖源 合计 农村生活源 不同土地利用类型污染源 分散式畜禽养殖源 合计 COD 1 482.0 26 317.1 225.0 28 024.1 14 993.2 4 394.5 11 783.7 31 171.4 NH3-N 119.9 1 665.3 6.0 1791.2 870.8 325.3 128.2 1 324.3 TN 261.7 12 164.1 16.9 12 442.7 1 758.1 3 196.3 832.6 5 787.0 TP 8.9 310.6 3.1 322.6 24.6 103.7 87.4 215.7
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