Problems and countermeasures for water ecological environment protection of small and medium-sized rivers in Chengdu-Chongqing area
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摘要: 为进一步保护成渝地区水生态环境质量,筑牢长江上游水生态安全屏障,围绕成渝地区河流水质污染特征,剖析了中小河流水环境保护存在的问题,提出了加强成渝地区中小河流水环境保护的对策建议。结果表明:成渝地区水环境质量呈逐步改善趋势,水质污染主要集中在中小河流,特别是跨界河流水质超标频度较高;中小河流水质污染主要集中在2—6月,说明区域水质主要受点源污染和初期雨水冲刷的面源污染物集中入河的共同影响。水资源分布不均与高强度开发利用导致的生态流量不足,城镇人口集聚导致的生活污染压力大,农业面源治理难度大导致的长期高污染负荷,上下游联防联控机制不完善造成的跨界河流污染防治难度大,是造成成渝地区中小河流水质污染突出的主要原因。建议加强中小河流的生态流量保障,厂网齐抓推进城镇生活污水处理提质增效,多管齐下提升农业农村面源污染防治水平,流域统筹推进水环境管理水平。Abstract: To further protect the water eco-environmental quality in Chengdu-Chongqing area and build a strong ecological security barrier in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, the problems existing in the water environmental protection of small and medium-sized rivers were analyzed based on the pollution characteristics of water quality in Chengdu-Chongqing area. Countermeasures were put forward to strengthen the water environmental protection of small and medium-sized rivers. The results showed that: 1) The water quality in Chengdu-Chongqing area was gradually improving. The water pollution was mainly concentrated in small and medium-sized rivers, especially in the transboundary rivers, where the water quality exceeded the standard frequently. The water quality pollution of small and medium-sized rivers in the region mainly appeared from February to June, indicating that the regional water quality was jointly affected by the point source pollution and the non-point source pollutants which were flowed into the river with the initial rainwater. 2) The main reasons for the prominent water quality pollution of small and medium-sized rivers in Chengdu-Chongqing area included: the insufficient ecological flow caused by uneven distribution of water resources and high-intensity development, the high domestic source pollution caused by urban population agglomeration, the long-term high pollution load caused by the difficulty in non-point source pollution control, and the difficulty in water quality protection of transboundary rivers caused by incomplete mechanism in upstream and downstream joint prevention and control. 3) It was suggested to strengthen the ecological flow guarantee of small and medium-sized rivers, pay close attention to the plant and network to promote the quality and efficiency of urban domestic sewage treatment, take multiple measures to improve the prevention and control level of agricultural and rural non-point source pollution, and comprehensively promote the level of water environment management in the basin.
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表 1 2015—2020年成渝地区主要大型河流干支流水质达标断面数与达标率
Table 1. Number and rate of water quality up-to-standard sections of main large rivers and tributaries in Chengdu-Chongqing area from 2015 to 2020
个 年份 沱江 岷江 嘉陵江(四川段) 长江(重庆段) 干流 支流 干流 支流 干流 支流 干流 支流 注:括号中数字为达标率。 表 2 2020年四川省水质未达优良断面信息
Table 2. Information of sections with poor water quality in Sichuan Province in 2020
重点流域 河流名称 断面名称 断面类别 水质类别 超标因子(超标倍数) 涪江 坛罐窑河 白鹤桥 省界(川—渝) Ⅳ CODCr(0.01) 芝溪河 涪山坝 县界(蓬溪县—船山区) Ⅴ TP(0.61) 嘉陵江 长滩寺河 郭家坝 入嘉陵江 Ⅴ CODMn(0.02)、CODCr(0.11)、TP(0.61) 岷江 体泉河 体泉河口 Ⅳ TP(0.19) 茫溪河 茫溪大桥 Ⅳ TP(0.18) 琼江 姚市河 白沙 省界(川—渝) Ⅳ CODCr(0.14)、CODMn(0.01) 渠江 平滩河 牛角滩 省界(川—渝) Ⅳ NH3-N(0.39)、TP(0.25)、CODCr(0.01) 东柳河 墩子河 县界(大竹县—渠县) Ⅴ TP(0.57) 沱江 阳化河 红日河大桥 市界(成都市—资阳市) Ⅳ CODCr(0.17) 隆昌河 九曲河 市界(内江市—泸州市) Ⅳ CODCr(0.22)、CODMn (0.11) 富顺河 碾子湾村 市界(成都市—德阳市) Ⅳ CODCr(0.37)、CODMn (0.01) 釜溪河 宋渡大桥 入沱江、县界(市中区—富顺县) Ⅳ CODCr(0.25) 釜溪河 碳研所 Ⅳ CODMn(0.04)、CODCr(0.26)、TP(0.32) 索溪河 谢家桥 市界(资阳市—成都市) Ⅳ CODCr(0.04) 旭水河 叶家滩 县界(荣县—贡井区) Ⅳ CODCr(0.04) 小濛溪河 资安桥 市界(资阳市—内江市) Ⅳ BOD(0.21)、CODMn(0.1) 阳化河 巷子口 Ⅳ CODCr(0.05) 旭水河 雷公滩 Ⅳ CODCr(0.47) 釜溪河 双河口 市界(自贡市—内江市) Ⅳ CODCr(0.31) 环溪河 兰家桥 县界(金堂县—简阳市) Ⅳ CODMn(0.03)、CODCr(0.33) 大濛溪河 肖家鼓堰码头 县界(乐至县—雁江区) Ⅳ CODCr(0.01) 小阳化河 万安桥 县界(乐至县—雁江区) Ⅳ CODMn(0.14)、CODCr(0.3) 濑溪河 天竺寺大桥 省界(渝—川) Ⅳ 长江 大陆溪 四明水厂 省界(川—渝) Ⅳ CODCr(0.17)、CODMn(0.04) 注:括号中数字为超标倍数。 -
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